Page:The Constitution of the Czechoslovak Republic.pdf/42

 3. The competence and functions of juries shall be determined by special laws.

4. Trial by jury may be temporarily suspended in cases provided for by law.

5. The jurisdiction of courts martial may be extended to the civil population according to legal regulations in times of war only and for acts committed at such times only.

1. Judicial power in all courts shall be separated from administrative power.

2. Solution of disputes as to competence between courts and administrative authorities shall be determined by law.

1. Conditions as to the qualiﬁcation of judges shall be determined by law.

2. The conditions of service of the judges shall be determined by law.

1. All judges shall be independent in the exercise of their conscience and they shall be bound only by law.

2. When taking the oath of office judges shall pledge themselves to abide by the law.

1. Judges shall be appointed permanently; they may be transferred, dismissed or pensioned against their will, only if a new juridical organisation be set up for a time specified by law or on the grounds of lawful disciplinary proceedings; they may be also pensioned after a valid finding when they have attained the age stated by law. Details shall be determined by a special law which shall also define the conditions under which judges may be suspended.

2. Senates at law courts of the first and second instance shall be permanent for one year except where specified by law.

1. Verdicts shall be given in the name of the Republic.

2. Proceedings before law courts shall be verbal and public. Verdicts in criminal matters shall always be proclaimed in public. The public may be excluded during the proceedings only under circumstances defined by law.