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 6o4 APPENDIX C Other instances of words or names which have become established in the language, but have their foundation in blunder, are the common legal term "messuage," which should be "mesnage"; the island of lona, which should be I or Hy, lona being nothing but a misreading of the adjectival " loua insula" used by Adamnan in his Life of St. Columba; the name Vans or Vance, as in Vans Agnew and in de Morgan's novel Joseph Vance, is but a corruption ofVaux {lat. de Vallibus). The letter "u" and not"n" is always the right reading in cases where a key to the pronunciation is found by an "1," the older form, being sometimes found, thus the fact that " Malger " de Staple was living in Exeter lo Hen. II, shows that Mauger, not Manger, is the real name. Anselm is also certainly found written Alselm, but this must be a misreading for Anselin, for no one could suppose that the name should truly be Auselm. Besides Anselm (Fr. Anselles), there appears to be another quite distinct name which occurs in Notts, Derby, and Lincoln, viz. Alselin, Halselin, Auselin or Hauselin (see Intro, to Stapleton's Liber de Antiquis Legibns, Camden Soc). The Hebrides comes from a similar mistake, the turning of "u" into"ri," this well known word having as its origin "Ebudae Insula " in the Latin transcription of Ptolemy's work. The surname Danvers (de Alvers, Dauvers, Daunvers, Danvers) also furnishes a good instance of the confusion of "n" and "u." The English Walkelin and its French form Waukelin were not uncommon Christian names in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, while Wanklyn still exists as a surname to the Editor's knowledge. Though not quite of the same kind, for it springs from fraud, not error, is the notorious case of Hugh de Puiset (de Puteaco), the twelfth century Bishop of Durham, whose name was, it is believed, changed to Pudsey by a sixteenth century herald to enrich the pedigree of a Yorkshire knight bearing the latter name; as Pudsey accordingly the good bishop appears in handbooks and reference books (the heading in Diet. Nat. Biog. being "Puiset or Pudsey"), and most people who know of him at all only know him as such. The letters "ph" and "f" are of course interchangeable, e.g. in Bardolf, Ralph, Eupheme, &c., "f," being the predominant old form. Another source of confusion in names is that the small "v" is sometimes so written that it is impossible to distinguish it from the small "b"; and yet another, that between capital "A" and "D," as mentioned in a later paragraph under women's names. Ihristian names. Many names which are now of the commonest were rare in the leir relative thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, e.g. George, James, Charles, Frederick, opularity at Arthur, Joseph, and Francis; on the other hand Thomas, William, Richard, (") ifferent epochs. John, Walter, Hugh, Philip, Robert, and Peter and Henry (in the forms of (^) Richer (French Richier, Picard Riquier (= Sanctus Richarius), which might be thought to be an earlier form of Richard is, teite W. H. Stevenson, a different name. Richardus and Richarius are carefully distinguished by Orderic Vitalis, and also in the Chanson de Roland (Anglo-Norman), where they appear as Richarz (= Richard plus nom. i), and Richer respectively. A later form of the nom. of Richard, viz. Richers, might conceivably lead modern writers to regard this as the nom. of Richer. J. H. Round points out that Richer is found in the families of L'Aigle and Andeley in England.