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Rh (Seine-Inférieure) 1894; professor of history and director of an Apostolic School at one of the Bene- dictiné houses in Spain 1895-1897; returned to Ligugé 1897; once more master of novices 1899; removed with his fellow monks to the new Abbey of Ligugé, Chevetogne, Belgium, 1902; at present lecturer on the Syllabus, lustitut d'action frangaise, Paris; preacher and social worker. Author of: "Le Moine bénédictin" (1898); "Les Moines d'Orient" (1899); "Le Monachisme africain" (1899); "Les Etudes ecclésiastiques d'après la méthode de Mabil- lon" (1900); "Le Cardinal Pie" (1903); "Saint Wandrille" (1904); (under the pseudonym Léon de Cheyssac) "Page d'histoire politique, le Ralliement" (1905); "Les Moines de l'ancienne France", Vol. I (1906); various pamphlets of the collection "Science et Religion"; re-edited Beaunier, "Recueil des archêvechés, évechés, abbayes et prieurés de l'anci- enne France", Vols. I-IV (1905-1906); founded: "Bulletin de Saint Martin et de Saint Benoît" (1884) ; "Bulletin Catholique des hvres et de revues" (1892), combined with the "Mois littéaire" of the Bene- dictines of Solesmes (1894); "La Vie de la paroisse"; director of the "Revue Mabillon" and the "Archives de la France monastique"; contributor to numerous reviews and periodicals.

ARTICLES: Ambrosians; Augttstine, Rule of Saint; Baptistines; Babtholomites: Basil, Rule of Saint; Beth- lehemites; Eutropius of Valenica; Gunther, Blessed; Her- mits; Hieronymites; Lérins, Abbey of; Mendes de Silva, João; Mehcedarians; Monasteries, Suppression of; The baid.

Besson, Reverend Jean Jules, s.j., b. at Bor- deaux, France, 21 October, 1855. Education: College of St. Joseph, Tivoli; scholasticates of the Society of Jesus, Toulouse, Vals, and Uclés, Spain; Gregorian University, Rome. Entered the Society of Jesus 1873; ordained 1886; professor of canon law, Jesuit scholasticate of Uclés, Spain (1890-1893), scholasti- cate of Vals, France (1897-1899), and Catholic Institute, Toulouse, (1899- ). Author of: "Con- damnation du modernisme" (Tournai, 1907); "Actes récentes du Saint-Siège centre les erreurs modernes" (Tournai, 1910); re-edited Ramière, "Compendium instituti societatis Jesu" (Toulouse, 1896); collabora- tor in "Dictionnaire apologétique de la foi catholique"; director of the "Revue théologique française" (1901) until its combination with the "Nouvelle revue théologique" (Tournai) (1906); director of the latter review (1906- ); contributor to: "Revue théo- logique frangaise" (a series of articles on the acts and decisions of the Holy See); "Nouvelle revue théo- logique"; "Etudes" (a series of canonical articles); "L'Univers".

ARTICLES: Canons, Collections op Ancient; Dispensation.

Beste, Reverend Kenelm Richard Digby, s.j., b. at Torre del Olmo, near Florence, Italy, 26 January, 1876; d. 28 April, 1915. Education: Stonyhurst College, Blackburn, England; Stella Matutina Col- lege, Feldkirch, Austria; St. Beuno's College, St. Asaph, Wales. Entered the Society of Jesus 1894; ordained 1911; prefect of Studies, St. George's College, Bulawayo, Rhodesia, 1913-1915.

ARTICLE: Menevia, Diocese op.

Bewerunge, Reverend Henry, b. at Letmathe, Westphalia, 7 December, 1862. Education: Gym- nasium, Düsseldorf; Wurzburg University; Diocesan College, Eichstätt; Dr. Haberl's School of Music, Ratisbon. Ordained 1885; chanter at the Cathedral and secretary in vicar-general's office, Cologne, 1886- 1887; professor of Church music, St. Patrick's College, Maynooth, Dublin, 1888-. Author of: "The Vatican Edition of Plainchant" (1906); "Die Vat- ikanische Choralausgabe" 2 vols. (1906-1907).

ARTICLES: Gregorian Chant; Neum; Organ; Plain Chant.

Bihl, Reverend Michael, o.f.m., writer, b. at Filsdorf, Lorraine, Germany, 10 May, 1878. Educa- tion: Clevedon, England; Metz, Germany; Einsiedeki, Switzerland; Rome. Entered the Franciscan Order 1897; ordained 1902; rector at Fulda, Germany, 1903-1907; occupied m research work regarding the history of the Franciscan Order and professor of ecclesiastical history. College of St. Bonaventure; Quaraechi, near Florence, Italy. Author of: "Die. Geschichte des Franziskanerklosters Frauenberg zu Fulda" (Fulda, 1907); "Die Geschichte des Franzis- kaner-Gymnasiums zu Tauberfischofsheim" (Fulda, 1908); contributor to: " Literarischer Handweiser"; "Fuldaer Geschichtsblätter"; " Literarische Rund- schau" (Freiburg); "Historisch-politische Blatter"; "Etudes franciscaines (Paris); "Revue franciscaine " (Bordeaux); "Arohivum Franciscanum historicum".

ARTICLES: Colette, Saint; Conceptionists; David of Augsburg; Elizabeth of Hungary, Saint; Faber, Philip; Fraticelli; Friars Minor, Order of; Gerardds, Odonis; Hueber, Fortunatus; Isabella of France, Blessed; Julian of Speyer; Ladislaus, Saint; Leonard of Port Maurice, Saint; Macedo, Francisco; Magnus, Valerianus; Maillard, Olivier; Matteo op Acquasparta; Mayron, Francis; Or- Bellis, Nicholas d'; Pacificus of Ceredano; Pacificus of San Severing, Saint; Philip of Jesus, Saint; Portiuncula; Vega, Andreas de.

Birkhaeuser, Reverend Jodoc Adolphe, b. at Troisdorf, Germany, 9 June, 1841; d. at Racine, Wisconsin, 3 March, 1908. Education: parish school, Fussville, Wisconsin; Seminary of St. Francis de Sales, St. Francis, Wisconsin. Ordained 1863; former professor of Church history and canon law, St. Francis Seminary; at the time of his death, spiritual director of the Dominican Sisters, Racine, Wisconsin. Author of: "History of the Church" (New York, 1885, and 8 subsequent editions).

ARTICLES: Bernward, Saint; Bruno, Saint.

Birkner, Ferdinand, Ph.D., b. in Munich, 28 December, 1868. Education: Wilhielms-Gymnasium, Munich; University of Munich. Has devoted his life to the study of the natural sciences, particularly anthropology; at present extraordinary professor of anthropology, University of Munich, and Royal Custodian of the State Anthropologico-Prehistoric Collection, Munich. Secretary of the Anthropological Society, Munich; member of the Imperial Leopold- Charles German Academy of Naturalists, Ha)le-an- der-Saale; corresponding member of the Pontificia Academia Romana del Nuovi Lincei. Author of: "Beiträge zur Anthropologic der Hand" (Munich, 1895); "Beitrage zur Rassenanatomie der Chinesen" (Munich, 1904); "Der diluviale Mensch in Europa" (Munich, 1910); "Rassen und Volker der Mensch- heit", in collaboration with Wilhelm Schmidt (1911); contributor to: "Archiv ftir Anthropologic" (Bruns- wick); " Korrespondenzblatt der Deutschen Anthro- pologischen Gesellschaf t " ; "Archiv filr Rassen- und Gesellschaftsbiologie"; "Natur und Kultur"

ARTICLE: Race, Hdmajm.

Birt, Reverend Henry Norbert, o.s.b., b. at Valparaiso, Chile, 1861, son of Hugh Birt, m.d., F.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., and Fanny Keogh, granddaughter of John Keogh, leader of the Irish Catholics in their constitutional struggle for emancipation, and sister of Father Edward S. Keogh of the Oratory. Educa- tion: St. Augustine's College, Ramsgate; Kensington Catholic public school; London University College School. Entered the Benedictine Order 1880 ; teacher in Downside School 1884-1892; ordained 1889; assistant at St. Osburg's, Coventry, 1892-1895; later chaplain at Heckfield and assistant at St. Benedict's, Ealing; Acting chaplain to the forces, South African War, receiving medal and four clasps, 1901; Acting chaplain to the forces, European War, 1915- ; official secretary to the president of the English Benedictines 1904:- ; also occupied in literary