Page:The Cambridge History of American Literature, v4.djvu/62

 474 Scholars having in the late sixties contributed to a periodical a number of articles on English usage, published them in a volume as Words and Their Uses (1870). A second series, Every Day English, appeared in 1880. In these books. White, of New England Brahmin stock, made up for having been accidentally born in New York by exhibiting all the linguistic and racial prejudices of Boston. He attached to English usage an alluring and a threatening social sanction, which helps partly to explain his popularity. His prohibition of certain forms of speech is "ex- clusiveness" in linguistic disguise; and the uninstructed reader felt — ^for White told him so — that he should probably be be- yond the social pale even if he obeyed White, but should cer- tainly be if he did not. Social distinction was thus the prize which White offered, with a precariousness that rendered it only the more attractive. It soon became evident that he had not sufficiently studied the history of some of the locutions which he condemned — "had rather," "reliable," and "is be- ing built," for example; but when taken to task for setting up personal preferences as if they were established by weight of usage, he would amiably deprecate authority, delicately im- plying that his opponent was of course learned, but a pedant. White's more relevant defence was that historical usage afforded after all only the raw material from which present writers and speakers might choose, exercising by way of principles of selec- tion both taste — especially in the direction of simplicity — and reason, to which White thought usage tended continually to approach. His chief opponent was the incomparably more scholarly Fitzedward Hall (i 825-1901). Hall, of the Harvard class of 1846, just before graduation left college to search for a runaway brother in India. There in time he became tutor and professor of Sanskrit and English in the Government College at Benares, and in 1862 he was appointed professor of Sanskrit, Hindustani, and Indian Jurisprudence in King's CoUege, London. In the fifties and sixties he edited a number of Sanskrit texts, as well as a Hindi grammar and reader, but in the seventies and the eigh- ties his publications dealt chiefly with English usage, to the elucidation of which he brought vast accumulations derived from his enormous reading. His Recent Exemplifications of False Philology ( 1 872), though it incidentally bowls over Landor,