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 28o The Drama, 1860-1918 and more commercial, though both the Lyceum and the Empire in these days gave agreeable artistic productions. It is true that Daniel Frohman produced pieces by American playwrights like Belasco, De Mille, Marguerite Merrington (Captain Letter- blair, i6 August, 1892), Fitch (An American Duchess, 20 November, 1893; The Moth and the Flame, 11 April, 1898; The Girl and the Judge, 4 December, 1901), Mrs. Frances Hodgson Burnett {The First Gentleman of Europe, 25 January, 1897), Madeleine Lucette Ryley {The Mysterious Mr. Bugle, 19 April, 1897; Richard Savage, 4 February, 1901), Grace Livingston Furness and Abby Sage Richardson {Colonial Girl, 31 October, i8g8; Americans at Home, 13 March, 1899). It is also true that Charles Frohman, opening his Empire Theatre with the Belasco- Fyles military drama. The Girl I Left Behind Me (25 January, 1893), figured largely in the development of Gillette, Fitch, and Thomas. Nevertheless, it was not by their faith in the Ameri- can playwright that the powerful position of the theatrical managers was won, but rather through the astute manner in which they watched the foreign market. They were sure ofl foreign successes; they were not willing to risk the untried American. Besides, with the end of the stock company fashion, travelling companies began to increase in favour, and this 1 meant the growth of a system of "booking" which put into the hands of a few the power of dictating what amusements the theatregoing Americans, outside of large theatrical centres, j could have. The managers throttled the theatres by 1896, when the Theatrical Trust was formed, and though actors! rebelled — men like Mansfield, Francis Wilson, Heme, and)' Joseph Jefferson ; though such actresses as Mrs. Fiske and Mme. 1 Bernhardt suffered from their enmity by being debarred fromj places where the Trust owned the only available theatres — still, the actors finally succumbed one by one, the playwrights listened to their commercial dictators, managers of minbr| theatres became their henchmen. In such an atmosphere,' while in time we got good plays, it was impossible for a serious! body of American dramaturgic art to develop. It was thought ^ that if the monopolistic power of the Trust could be broken, all might be well again. And it was broken: there soon came two combinations instead of one — with the same evils of "booking, " the same paucity of good things because of commercial regula-