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 CHAPTER XXI POLITICAL WRITING SINCE 1850 ^y WiLLLAM Kenneth ]5^oyd, Ph.D., Professor of History in Trinity College, Durham, North Carolina. The Change of Temper after 1850. Pro-Slavery Arguments. Thomas R. Dew. Attacks on Jefferson's Ideas and on Modern Industrial Condi- tions. States' Rights and Secession. Southern Writers Opposed to Secession. Francis Lieber. Writers Opposed to Slavery. Hinton Rowan Helper. Northern Attitudes Toward Slavery. The Fugitive Slave Law. Uncle Tom's Cabin. The Kansas-Nebraska Act. Charles Sumner. The Dred Scott Decision. National Theories During the War. The Organic Theory. Sovereignty in the Nation. Practical Problems of Nationality. Opposition to the Administration. Re- construction Theories: Presidential, State Suicide, Conquered Province, Forfeited Rights. Confederate Apologists. Personal Memoirs, North and South. Civil Service Reform. Thomas A. Jenckes. George Wil- liam Curtis. Tariff Reform. David A. Wells. William G. Sumner. The Currency. Agrarian Agitation. Bimetallism. The Knights of Labor. The Trusts. The Disfranchisement of the Negro. New Doctrines. Henry George. The Income Tax. Edward Bellamy. Criticism of Governmental Administration. Imperialism and Expan- sion. The Granger Movement. Populism. Progressivism. 337 CHAPTER XXII LINCOLN By Nathaniel Wright Stephenson, Professor of History in the College of Charleston. The Mystery of Lincoln's Temperament. His Lack of Precocity. Juve- nilia. Religion. Pioneer Loneliness. Mystical Faith. First Period of Maturity. Comic Writings. Spiritual Enthusiasm for the Law. Literature Applied to Practical Tasks. Second Period of Maturity. The Great Speeches of 1 858- 1 860. The Eclipse of the Winter of 1 860- 61. The First Inaugural. Lincoln's Final Manner. Possible Influ- ence of Seward. . 3^7 CHAPTER XXIII EDUCATION By Paul Monroe, PhD., LL.D., Professor of the History of Education in Teachers College, Columbia Uni- versity. American Education Primarily Institutional. The Colonies. Virginia. Pennsylvania. New Netherland and New York. New England. The Massachusetts Law of 1647. The Apprentice System. Elemen- tary Schools. Latin Grammar Schools. Ezekiel Cheever. Christo- pher Dock. The New England Primer. Colonial Colleges. Franklin on Education. Samuel Johnson. William Smith. The Revolution. Early National Legislation. The Positions of the Fathers. Thomas Jefferson. DeWitt CHnton. The Lancastrian System. Pestalozzian Influences. Textbooks. Noah Webster. Lindley Murray. Jedidiah Morse. Nicholas Pike. Law Schools. Medical Schools. Private