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 Divinity and Literature i97 Analogy; and developed again in various directions by Rous- seau, William Godwin, and, later, Kant and Coleridge. They are the liberals, transcendentaJists, and romantics, and Plato is their ultimate master, though he contributes his realism to their opponents. The tough-minded derive from Aristotle, St. Augustine, and, of course, Calvin; find themselves close kin to Hobbes and Locke, to the "motivists, " and, later, to Reid and Dugald Stewart; and are the classics — the orthodox. In the large, the thought of American divines and moralists from Edwards to Beecher moves from tough to tender, parallel with the romantic movement in seailar literature; while Beecher's contemporary, Mark Hopkins, toughly reacting, against romanticism, anticipates the present secular return toward greater sharpness in realizing evil and the fundamental cleavages in things. Our secular and our theological literature, thus closely aVin in ideas, have also a strong personal connection, almost a family connection. With us, divinity has seldom been more, and has usually been less, than a generation removed from liter- ary scholarship or the literary imagination. Andrews Norton is father to Charles Eliot Norton, William Henry Fumess to Horace Howard Fumess, Abiel Holmes to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Charles Lowell to James Russell Lowell. James Russell Lowell and Robert Traill Spence Lowell are brothers; so are Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and Samuel Longfellow. There is something filial in the scholar Ticknor's pious task of editing the sermons of the Rev. Joseph Stevens Buckminster, one generation before him. Emerson's forefathers had been clergymen for seven generations; and within his single life the early days as preacher and the later days as sacer vates were "bound each to each by natural piety." So were those of John Gorham Palfrey, George Ripley, and Octavius Brooks Frothingham, and of such clerical families as the Channings, the Abbotts, the Wares, the Beechers, the Muhlenbergs, and the Dwights, whose pietas, priestly, educational, jtuistic, and literary, has extended imto the third generation and beyond. It would be easy, but needless, to multiply examples in proof of the close and various personal connections between our divinity and our scholarship and literature. The family tradition is evident at once in Edwards's disciples.