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 New England Magazines 165 soon recognized abroad as well as at home. Until the found- ing of The Atlantic Monthly in 1857 it was the most valuable organ of the best conservative thought in New England; and it continued its traditions until 1878, when it suffered a change of management and of habitat, and to some extent of ideals. Although the greater New England writers of the nine- teenth century were weU started on their careers by 1850, Boston succeeded in maintaining no general literary maga- zines of the first rank before The Atlantic Monthly. Several were begun with brilliant prospects and distinguished lists of contributors, but, sometimes for unexplained reasons, each in turn failed. Among those best remembered are The United States Literary Gazette (1825-27), to which Longfellow was a frequent contributor, The New England Magazine (Boston 1831-35), in which Holmes published two papers to which he gave the name "The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table," and Lowell's Pioneer. This last ran for but three issues in 1843, and left the promoters heavily in debt, though its list of contributors contained such names as those of Poe and Hawthorne. The North American Review furnished an oppor- tunity for the publication of serious essays, but much of the lighter work of Longfellow, Hawthorne, Whittier, Lowell, and their contemporaries was contributed to the magazines of New York and Philadelphia. In what might be called informational periodicals Boston continued strong. Interest in one of the least of these. The Magazine of Useful and Enter- taining Knowledge, has been preserved by the fact that Haw- thorne was for a time the editor. Littell's Living Age, the best of the reprints from foreign journals, was begun in 1844. The most picturesque of the Boston periodicals, of the time was The Dial, published quarterly by a group of New England Transcendentalists from 1840 to 1844. Such an organ of the new thought had long been talked of, and as early as 1835 Emerson had proposed to Carlyle that the latter come to America and act as editor. It was not until July, 1840, how- ever, that the first number of The Dial appeared, with Margaret Fuller as editor, and Emerson, Alcott, and Thoreau among the contributors. The magazine was never financially successful, the smallness of its subscription list being indicated by the rarity of complete sets today. Margaret Fuller, after serving