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 NOTES TO THE THIRD BOOK OF THE COURTIER heroines of the Middle Ages, was the daughter of Duke Boniface of Tuscany and Beatrice of Lorraine. She ruled over Tuscany and a large part of northern Italy, espoused the papal cause against the Emperor, and exercised an im- portant influence upon the politics of her time. She was noted also for her religious zeal, energy, and austere yet gentle and cultivated life. Count Ludo- vico's supposed descent from her paternal uncle Conrad is now regarded as doubtful. Note 385, page 202. Among the eminent women here referred to, we may note: Duke Guidobaldo's grandfather's wife, Caterina Colonna, (died 1438), who was a great-aunt of Vittoria Colonna, and was praised as "noble, beautiful, discreet, charming, gentle and generous"; his great-aunt Battista di Monte- feltro, (died 1450), who, having been deserted by her worthless Malatesta hus- band, wrote moral essays and poetry, and was celebrated for her piety and mental gifts, as well as for her learning and literary accomplishments; his aunt, Brigida Sueva di Montefeltro, (born 1428), who, after enduring for twelve years the brutalities of her Sforza husband, became an abbess and ultimately received the honour of beatification, — her remains being revered as a sacred relic; another aunt of his, Violante di Montefeltro, (born 1430), who was famous for her talents and beauty; his maternal grandmother, Costanza da Varano, (born 1428), was a granddaughter of the Battista above mentioned, inherited much of that lady's taste for learning, became the associate of scholars and philosophers, wrote Latin orations, epistles and poems, and (by her marriage to a brother of the first Sforza duke of Milan) became the mother of Duke Guidobaldo's own mother, Battista Sforza, (born 1446), who rivalled her an- cestresses' attainments, administered her husband's government judiciously during his frequent absences, and was regarded as beautiful, although tiny in person. Note 386, page 202. Perhaps the most famous woman of the Gonzaga family was "my lady Duchess's" great-aunt, Cecilia Gonzaga, (born 1425), who shared with her four brothers the tuition of the celebrated Vittorino da Feltre, wrote Greek with remarkable purity at the age of ten, became a nun at nineteen, devoted her life to religious and literary exercises, and was regarded as one of the most learned women of her time. Her niece (?), Barbara Gonzaga, (born about 1455), was educated with especial care, became Duchess of W^iirt- emberg, induced her husband to found the University of Tubingen, and ruled the duchy as regent after his death. Of the Este family, two aunts (Ginevra, born 1419, and Bianca Maria, born 1440) of Isabella and Beatrice d'Este (see notes 397 and 398), were famous for their knowledge of Latin and Greek, in which languages the younger wrote both prose and verse, besides being an accomplished musician, dancer and needlewoman. Of the Pio family, Castiglione doubtless had in mind the celebrated Alda Pia da Carpi, who was a sister of Aldus's pupil and patron Alberto Pio, 394