Page:The Bohemian Review, vol2, 1918.djvu/80



In the latter part of April, 1918, representatives of Carpathian Russians appeared before Secretary Lansing to submit to him a memorandum expressing the political aspirations of their people. Before discussing the memorandum it will be well to say something about the little known race of the Carpathian Russians.

The war has taught America a good deal about European geography. It has made the average newspaper reader acquainted not merely with the Great Powers of Europe, but with the smaller independent states and even with some of the submerged races of Central and Eastern Europe. It has introduced new names, almost unknown four years ago, but today glibly, if not correctly, pronounced in the everlasting discussions of the war problems. How many of the educated Americans knew before the war that the Bohemians called themselves in their own language Czechs? There was no such term in existence as the Jugoslavs, and very few of the people who knew of the existence of the Little Russian race were aware of the fact that there was another name for them—the Ukrainians.

It is with this last race that we are now concerned. Everything about it is hazy, even its very existence as a separate race. The Russian government to which the great majority of this people were subject held to the view that there was no Little Russian or Ukrainian nationality, that the people of Southern Russia were Russians speaking a different dialect from that of the Northerners. The Austrian government, which ruled over the smaller portion of this race insisted that they were a distinct people and to make the distinction between them and the Russians wider gave them the name of Ruthenians.

There are some thirty or more million of this race within the boundaries of the former Russian Empire, inhabiting the most fertile parts of Russia. And it is this part of the Little Russian race of which we have heard so much recently, when the Germans by a trick set up the Kieff Rada for an independent government, in order to get into their grasp the granary of Russia without openly violating the principle of no annexations, and when they more recently overthrew the Rada, because it presumed to exercise some of the functions of sovereignty and stood in the way of German-Austrian robbery.

The division of Poland in the 18th century, which took no account of ethnological boundaries brought under the rule of the Hapsburgs a considerable fraction of this race of many names. The eastern half of Galicia and half of the Bukovina had a population in 1910 of 3,608,844 Ruthenians, as the Austrian census called them. In Hungary their number in that year was found to be 472,587, though it was undoubtedly much larger. They live on both sides of the high Carpathian mountains; their western neighbors north of the mountains are the Poles, south of the mountains Slovaks. In fact the Slovak and the Hungarian-Russian speech is so similar and the transition between them so gradual that it is hard to fix the ethnological boundary between these two kindred races.

The Russian population of Austria-Hungary was divided before the war into two camps. One of them magnified the distinctions between Russians and Little Russians, adopted the name of Ukrainians for their people and hating Russia as the oppressor of their race placed themselves at the service of the Austrian government. The other party looked upon themselves as Russians and looked to Moscow as the capital of their race. The events of the war disappointed both the pro-Austrian and the pro-Russian parties. For one thing Austria has treated the population of Eastern Galicia barbarously. Thousands of Little Russians were executed summarily and tens of thousands were sent to the awful internment camp at Tallerhof where they died like flies under the brutal treatment of Magyar and German guards. And while upon the collapse of Russia the Central Empires met the separatist aspirations of the Ukrainians by promptly recognizing an Ukrainian republic, they had no thought of surrendering to the new republic Austro-Hungarian territories inhabited by the Ukrainians. On the contrary the course of events made it clear that the Ukraine under the guise of independence merely exchanged Russian masters for German.

But so were the Russophils disappointed in the expectations they had placed in Russia as their deliverer from German-Magyar tyranny. The big brother of the Slav