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POWELL

been tutor at Hamilton college, 1856-57. He was stated supply at Deiinsboio. N.Y., 185S-61; was ordaine.l. Oct. 29. ISOl; was i)asti)r of Plymouth ConjLcrt'gatioual church, Adrian, Mich., 1861-71; of Mayflower church. St. Louis, Mo., 1871-73; editor of the Globe-Democrat, St. Louis, 1873- 74. and jmstor of the Tliird Unitarian church, Ciiiciigo, 111., 1874-77. After 1877 he resided in Clinton. N.Y., where he engaged in literary as well as lu)rticultural pursuits, besides preaching in Utica, N. Y., 1880-86. He was elected a member of the Chicago Academy of Sciences; the Ameri- can Arbitration congress, Washington. 1S96; the American Historical society; vice-president of the Congre.ss of Keligion, and member of the committee of one hundred to establish a Na- tional University at Washington. His pub- lished writings include: Our Heredity from God (1886; Berlin. 1889); Liberty and Life (1890); Xullijication and Secession in the United States (1896); Windbreaks. Hedges and Shelters (1900); Old Home Days (1901). In 1903 he was editor of the Independent, and a frequent contributor to periodicals.

POWELL, John Wesley, geologist, was born in Mount Morris. N.Y., March 24, 1834. His father, a Methodist clergyman, emigrated from England to New York city; removed to Jackson, Ohio, in 1841; to Walworth county. Wis., in 1846, where he continued



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to preach, leaving the entire care of the farm to his son; to Boone county, 111., in 1851, and finally to "Wlieaton, where he was a trustee of the college. John Wes- ley Powell had few educational advan- tages beyond attend- ing W^lieaton and Il- linois colleges irregu- larly to hear lectures, and in the mean- time earned money by teaching and lecturing in geography to pros- ecute his studies further. He took a special two years' course at Oberlin, and having at an early age developed an inclination toward natural science, made an extensive collection of shells, plants and minerals from various wes- tern states, and in 1859 was elected secretary of the Illinois Natural History society. He was married in 1861 to Emma Dean of Detroit, Midi. He enlisted as a private in the 20th Illinois volun- teers in 1861; was promoted lieutenant in the 2d Illinois artillery, and at the battle of Sliiloh hjst his right arm. He declined the colonelcy of a

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colored regiment; was promoted major and became chief of artillery of the 17th army corps, and later of the Department of Tennessee, serv- ing until the end of the war. He was professor ot geology and curator of the museum at the Illinois Wesleyan university, 1865-68; in the sum- mer of 1867 organized a party of students for the purpose of making a geographical study of Colo- rado, ascending Pike's Peak and Mount Lincoln, and in 1868, under the auspices of General Grant and of several educational institutions, especially the Smithson- ian Institu- tion, explored the Colorado canons, reach- ing the Grand canon, Aug. 13, 1869. As a result of his success in this expedition, and through his efforts, congress created in 1870 the topographical and geological survey of the Colorado river, of which Major Powell was placed in charge. In 1879 he was made a member of the public lands commission, and after the consolida- tion of the different surveys, under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution, into one national survey in 1879, he was chosen director of the bureau of ethnology, and succeeded Clarence King (q.v.) as director of the U.S. geological survey in 1881, resigning in May, 1894, on account of ill health. In 1900, accompanied hy Prof. W^. H. Holmes, anthropologist of the National museum, he conducted an exploring expedition in Cuba to study the remains of the pre-historic inhabitants, and brought back a valuable and interesting collection of human bones and speci- mens pertaining to the life of the Arawaks and Caribs. He received the degrees A.M. and Ph.D., upon examination, from Illinois Wesleyan uni- versity in 1877; the honorary degree of A.M. from Oberlin college, 1882; LL.D. from Colum- bian, 1882; Harvard, 1886; Illinois college, 1889; Ph.D. from Heidelburg, 1886. and was awarded the famous Cuvier prize by the French Academy in 1891. He was a lecturer on primitive medicine at Columbian university in 1881, and a trustee, 1881-1902. He became a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1875, vice-president in 1879, and president in 1887; was president of the Anthropological society of Wasliington, 1879-88; became a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1880. and of the American Philosopliical society; a fellow of the American Academy, and organized a social club of scientific men in Washington, D.C. He is the author of: Exploration of the Colorado River of the West and its Tributaries, Explored in lSCO-72 (1875); Sketch of the Ancient Province