Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 03.djvu/100

 GUSHING

GUSHING

ethnology of the Smithsonian institution. Mr. Gu-shiug at his own request remained with the Zuui Indians, adopting their dress, customs and liabits, and in this wa}' for three years studied their history antl language. In his second year's sojourn he was formally adopted by the tribe and initiated into the sacred " Priesthood of the Bow." In 1882 he escorted a party of six Zunis to the Atlantic ocean or " Ocean of Sunrise," to carry its water to their temple in the Pueblos. Two of the natives remained with Gushing in Washington during the summer and aided him in preparing liis contribution to the bureau of etluiology on Zuni fetiches. He returned to his Indian friends in September, 1882. Failing health obliged him to return to the east and in 1884, accompanied by three Indians to aid him in the preparation of a dictionary and grammar of the Zuiii language and in translating beast and myth stories, songs and rituals, he located in Washing- ton, D.C. Among his published works are: An- tiquittps of Orleans Countu (1874); Ziiui Fetiches (1881); The Analogy between Zuni Sociologic and Mythic Systems (1883) ; Adventures in Zuni (1883) ; Studies of Ancient Pueblo Keramic Art as Illustrative of Zuni Culture Groirth (1884) : Discovery of the Seven L<fst Cities of Cibola (1884) ; Zuni Breadstuff (1885) ; Fost-JIortem Distortion of Skulls (1887) ; The Villard-Bandelier Expedition (1892); Manual Concepts, or Hand-made Mind (1S<)2). He died in Washiii.i,-ton. D.C.. April 10. 11)00.

GUSHING, Jonathan Peter, educator, was born in Rocliester, N.H., March 12, 1793. He was prepared for college at Phillips academy, Exeter, and was graduated at Dartmouth in 1817, having procured the means for his education wholly through his own labor. After his gradu- ation he became a tutor in Hampden -Sidney college, Virginia, and in 1819 was advanced to the chair of chemistry and natural philosophy in that institution. In 1821 he was elected its president and held the office until his death which occurred in Raleigh, N.G., April 25, 1835.

GUSHING, Luther Stearns, jurist, was born in Lunenburg, Mass., June 22, 1803; son of Edmund Gushing, governor's counsellor in 1825, and justice of the court of sessions; and younger brother of Judge Edmund Lambert Gushing. He was graduated at the Harvard law school in 1826; was associated with Gharles Sumner and George S. Hilliard in the editorship of the American Jurist and Laio Magazine, 1826-32, and was clerk of the Ma.ssachusetts house of representatives, 1833-44. He was elected a representative to the general court in 1844; was judge of the court of common pleas of Boston, 1844-48; and reporter of the decisions of the supreme court of the com- monwealth, 1850-56. He was lecturer in Harvard college law school, 1848-51, and was the leading

editor for some years of the Jurist and Laio Magazine. He published, besides several transla- tions of foreign law books. Treatise on Trustee Process (1837); Treatise on liemedial Law (1837); Manual of Parliamentary Practice (1844); lieports of Controverted Election Cases in Massachusetts (1852) ; Introduction to the Study of Roman Civil Law (1854) ; Lex Parliamentaria Americana (1856) ; and volumes LV. to LXIV. of Decisions of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts (1850-56). He died in Boston, Mass., June 22, 1856.

GUSHING, Thomas, statesman, was born in Boston, Mass., :Marc-h 24, 1725; son of Thomas and Mary (Bromlield), grandson of Thomas and Deborah (Tliaxter), great-grandson of John and Sarah (Hawke), and great- grandson of Matthew and Nazareth (Pitcher) Gushing, who emigrated from England in 1638 and settled in Hingliam, Mass. His father was a prominent Boston mer- chant, a representative in the general court in 1731 and speaker, 1742-46. Samuel Adams was for a time emplo3^ed in his counting house and being four years older than Thomas, Jr., had a powerful influence in shaping the political senti- ment of the future statesman. Thomas, Jr., was graduated at Harvard in 1744; was a representa- tive in the general court of Massachusetts, 1761- 69, and in 1767, when Governor Bernai'd would not allow James Otis to serve as speaker, he was elected in Otis's stead. He was speaker from 1767 to 1774, but did not prove a strong leader for the patriots. With John Hancock he opposed the formation of committees of correspondence as suggested by Samuel Adams and when ap- pointed on one of the committees refused to serve. Still Jolm Adams credits him with obtaining secret intelligence useful to the patriot leaders, and in June, 1774, he was elected a dele- gate to the Gontinental congress, and was re-elected in February, 1775. In the king's in- structions to General Gage in 1775, Gushing was included with John Hancock and Samuel Adams as subjects not entitled to pardon for their crime of treason. When Massachusetts formed a new government in 1775, Gushing was elected to the council. In congress he opposed the Declaration of Independence and in the election of Jan. 19, 1776. for delegates to congress, he did not receive a single vote. He was commissary -general of Massachusetts, 1775; judge of the court of com- mon pleas and of probate, 1776-77; declined a seat in the Gontinental congress in 1779, and was lieutenant governor of Mas.sachusetts, 1780-88, and acting governor in 1788. He was elected a member of the convention to ratify the Federal constitution which met in January and February, 1788. Harvard gave him the degree of LL.D. in 1785, and Yale gave him an honorary M. A. in 1750. He was a fellow of Harvard college, 1786-88, a