Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 01.djvu/304

 BERNARD.

BERNAYS.

Redvrood library, and also f^nvo an or^an to Trinity church, and a beautiful nieniorial chajKd has there been erected to his memory, which was dedicated in 1S86 by Bishop Clark. Mucli that is interesting in regard to his life and works will l)e found in '* Life and Works of Berkeley,'' b^- Professor Eraser, also in " Beardsley's Ecclesi- astical History of Connecticut," and Noah Porter's discourse on " Bishop George Berkeley." He died at Oxford, England. Jan. 14, IToS.

BERNARD, Sir Francis, colonial governor, was burn at Xcttleham, Lincolnshire, England, about 1714. His education was acquired at West- minster school and at Oxford university, where he was graduated in 1736, with the degree of M.A. He became a Lawyer, and was afterwards made a bencher of the Middle Temple. He prac- tised on the midland circuit for some years, and held the ix)sitions of steward of the city of Lincoln and recorder of Boston, England. In 17.")8 he was appointed governor of the province of New Jersey, and in 1760 held the same office over Massachusetts Bay. For some time his ad- ministration was successful, but when the de- fenders of the rights of the people questioned the authority of the king, he. being loyal to the Eng- lish crown, gained the ill-will of the colonists. His lamentable lack of tact in doing what he con- sidered his duty, together with his harsh attitude towards the colonists, probably hastened the war of the revolution. He made an obnoxious speech soon after the repeal of the Stamp Act, and later was the means of further inciting the wrath of the people by requesting that British troops be sent to Boston. The general assembly' in 1768 invited other colonies to join with them in pro- testing against the duties on imports. This act Governor Bernard requested them to revoke, and upon their refusal he prorogued the assembly. Ten months later a new one was formed, which petitioned that the troops be withdrawn. This was refused, and the assembly at once ceased to transact business. Meanwhile, the British gov- ernment approved Bernard's action and rewarded him by making liim a baronet in 1769. The gen- eral court of Massachusetts Bay at length ex- pressed to the king their dissatisfaction with his adraini.stration, and petitioned for his removal, on the ground that he had treated the representa- tive body with contempt by his speeches and other public acts; that he had negatived lawfully elected coun.sellors of unblemished clmracter for no sufficient reason ; that he had interfered with and unduly influenced elections; that he had misrepresented the attitude of the colonists to the crown; that he had dissolved the assembly, deprived the colonists of their charter rights, and in many other ways acted in an unjust, unfriendly and arbitrary manner. These cliarges Governor

Bernard either denied or explained, but the Eng lish government thought best to recall him, ostensibly to consult on the condition of the pro- vince, and though holding the title of governor he remained in England, and two years later was replaced by a new official. He edited in 1752 '• Antonii Alsopi Aedis Christi Olim Alumni Oda- rum Ubri duo." He assisted Harvard college in replacing the six thousand volumes destroyed when the college library was burned in 1764, bequeathing to it his private lil)rary. His " Letter Books '' were purchased bj- Jared Sparks in 1848 for six hundred dollars. His writings include: "Letters to the Ministry" (1769); '• Letters to the Earl of Hillsborough " (1769), and " Select Letters on the Trade and Govern- ment of America, and the Principles of Law and Polity Applied to the American Colonies " (2d ed., 1774). He died in Aylesbury, England, June 16, 1779.

BERNAYS, Augustus Charles, surgeon was born at Highland, 111., Oct. 18, 1854. He was edu- cated at McKendree college, Lebanon, graduating in 1872. He studied medicine at Heidelberg, Ger- many, where he took his degree of M.D. with honors in 1876. The following year he studied surgery in England, and was made a member of the Royal college of surgeons. He returned to the United States and established himself in St. Louis, Mo. In 1883 he accepted the chair of anatomy and clinical surgery in the college of physicians. Dr. Bernays became a leader in sur- gical science, being fertile in the discovery of new paths and courageous in exploring and fol- lowing them out, and made valuable additions to the literature of the profession. He served as professor of anatomy, surgical pathology, and clinical surgery in the Woman's medical college of St. Louis, and the Marion Sims college of medicine. He was elected a member of various medical societies, and life member of the Anatomische Gesellchaf, the American association of the academy of sciences, and the German surgical society of Berlin. His first monograph, " On the Development of the Auriculo-Ventricular Valves of the Heart," appeared in 1876, and was followed by that on "the Development of the Knee Joints, and of Joints in General." These have been much quoted and were followed by others of great value: " Kolpohystererectomy, a New Method of Removing the Entire Womb for Cancer of this Or- gan," appeared in 1883; "Ideal Cholecystolomy, a .successful Case of the Removal of Gall-stones." in 1886; " A New Operation for Treatment of Can- cers of the Stomach, with report of three cases " (1887) ; " Taparatomy, for the treatment of Gun- shot Wounds of the Intestines," and "Anew oper- ation for the treatment of Retroflexion of the Uterus" in 1891.