Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 01.djvu/215

BARNARD.BARNARD. " Too Soon," " Eugenea," "The Dreamland Tree," and " Katy Neal." He also helped to write the play "We, Us and Co." His published books include: "My Ten Rod Farm"; "Farming by Inches"; " The Strawberry Garden " ; " A Simple Flower Garden"; "The Tone Masters" (3 vols, 1871); "The Soprano" (1872); " Legilda Roman- ief(1880); "Knights of Today" (1881); "Coop- eration as a Business" (1881); "A Dead Town" (1884); "Talks About the Weather" (1885), "Talks About the Soil" (1886); "Talks About Our Useful Plants" (16), and "Graphic Method in Teaching" (1889).

BARNARD, Daniel Dewey, lawyer, was born at Sheffield, Mass., July 16, 1797. His education was received at Williams college, and after his graduation in 1818, he took up the study of law in Rochester, N. Y., where he was admitted to the bar in 1821. He won a wide reputation at the bar of western New York. In 1826 he was elected district attorney of Monroe county, and in 1828 was chosen to represent his district in the 21st Congress. He then went abroad, and on his return made his home in Albany, N. Y.. where he served one year in the state assembly. He was a representative in the 26th-29th congresses, 1839-'47. He received the degree of LL.D. from Hobart in 1834, Columbia in 1845, and Brown in 1853; and was a member of the New York historical society. In 1850 President Fill- more appointed him U. S. minister to Prussia, where he represented his country for three years. He died in Albany. N. Y., AprilM, 1861.

BARNARD, Edward Emerson, astronomer, war born in NashviUe, Tenn., Dec. 16, 1857. At the age of eight, the fatherless lad began to earn his living in a photograph studio. He was fond of study, and a book on practical astronomy rousad his interest in that subject. From the maps and charts of this book he learned some of the wonders of the sky. As a telescope was his first want, he mounted the object lens of a com- mon spy-glass in a paper tube made by himself, and with this crude but ingenious instrument he secured an observation of the crescent form of Venus, the disks of the other planets and phen- omena so strange that he longed for better views. In 1877 by rigid economy he was enabled to pur- chase a five-inch telescope. With this instru- ment, the young astronomer began to study Jupiter and to search for comets. In 1886 he dis- covered Comet IV., and by 1887 had become world renowned as the leading discoverer of comets. In 1883 he left his occupation as photographer to accept a fellowship in astronomy at Vanderbilt university. He took a course in English, French, German, mathematics and physics at the imi- versity, and was graduated from the school of mathematics in 1887. The faculty placed him in

charge of the observatory connected with the university when he began his course and he became a diligent observer. H. H. Warner of the Warner observatory in Rochester, N. Y., had offered a prize of two hundred dollars for the di.scovery of each new comet, and Barnard received three of these prizes. The money thus obtained enabled him to buy books and apparatus needful in liis work. In 1888 Professor Barnard accepted a position in the Lick observatory. His observations at the Vanderbilt university had covered a "svide range. He had studied asteroids, nebulae, double stars, planets, the moon, sun- spots, meteors, occulations and eclipses. With increased zeal he continued this wide field of study at Lick university. In 1890 he observed a double transit of the first satelUtes across the disk of Jupiter, and in July, 1892, he began to use ' the large telescope on that planet and soon aston- ished the astronomical world by discovering a new moon revolving about Jupiter. Tliis moon appeared as a faint speck of light and had escaped the observation of astronomers for three hundred years. The discovery made the superior- ity of the Lick telescope manifest. The making of photographs of the milky way interested Mr. Barnard more than any other work that he under- took. His plates revealed facts that materi- ally changed astronomical computations. Older astronomers estimated the number of suns in the milky way at about 20,000,000. Mr. Barnard asserted that he could photograph 200,000,000 in a five-minute dry -plate exposure, and that his finished photographs revealed 500,000,000 suns. Photography greatly assisted Professor Barnard in the study and discerning of comets, besides being fruitful in unlooked-for directions. He was made a fellow of the Royal astronomical society of London in 1887. His observations are recorded in the standard astronomical journals of the world. He was professor of astronomy in the University of Chicago and astronomer of Yerkes observatory from 1895. In 1893 the French academy of science awarded to him the Lalande gold medal for his discover}' of the 5th moon of Jupiter, and in the same year he received the Donahoe medal for his pliotographic discovery of a comet in 1892. The French academy of science gave him its highest honor in the bestowal of the Argo medal for his discovery of Jupiter's fifth satellite in 1894. This medal has only been given to two others, Leverrier in 1846 and Prof. Asaph Hall in 1877. He also received the gold medal of the Royal Astronomical society in 1897, for the same distinguishing work.

BARNARD, Frederick Augustus Porter, educator, was born atSlieffield. Berkshire county, Mass., March 5, 1809 ; son of Robert Foster and Augusta (Porter) Barnard. He was graduated