Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 01.djvu/122

ANDREWS.ANDREWS. visited England in the hope of procuring financial assistance. He was gifted with oratorical powers of a superior order; and so ably did he present the cause in which his whole heart was enlisted that British capitalists and statesmen looked upon the project with favor and would have supported it financially had not the fear of war with the United States deterred them. Upon his return to America Mr. Andrews joined the abolitionists at Boston. While in England he became interested in phonography, and was active in introducing the system of phonographic reporting in America. Removing to New York in 1847 he published, in co-operation with A. F. Boyle, a series of phonographic text-books, and edited two journals, the Anglo-Saxon and the Propagandist, which were printed in phonetic type, and devoted to phonography and spelling reform. He was the originator of a system of philosophy which he called "Integralism," and of a universal language which he called "Alwato." While still a young man he claimed to have discovered a unity of law in the universe, and on this his system of philosophy and language was based. The elements of his philosophy were published in a work entitled, "Basic Outlines of Universology." According to his system a radical adjustment of all forms of belief, all ideas, all thought was possible. He was a pioneer in the field of social science, and was regarded as a leader of radical thought on social questions. He instituted a series of conferences known as the "Colloquium," for the interchange of religious, philosophical and political ideas between men of widely divergent views, and he was for many years a member and vice president of the "Liberal club" of New York, and a member of the American academy of arts and sciences, and of the American ethnological society. He was a thorough Greek and Latin scholar, was master of Hebrew, Sanskrit and Chinese, and had more or less intimate knowledge of thirty two additional languages. He published: "Discoveries in Chinese; or, the Symbolism of the Primitive Characters of the Chinese System of Writing as a Contribution to Philology and Ethnology and a Practical Aid in the Acquisition of the Chinese Language" (1854); and a new French instructor, introducing a novel method of teaching the French language; "Comparison of the Common Law with the Roman, French or Spanish Civil Law on Entails and other Limited Property in Real Estate" (1839); "Cost, the Limit of Price" (1851); "The Constitution of Government in the Sovereignty of the Individual" (1851); "Love, Marriage and Divorce, and the Sovereignty of the Individual, a Discussion by Henry James, Horace Greeley and Stephen Pearl Andrews, edited by S. P. Andrews" (1853); "Constitution, or Organic Basis of the New Catholic Church" (1860); "The Great American Crisis"; "An Universal Language"; "The Primary System of Universology and Alwato" (1871); "Primary Grammar of Alwato" (Boston, 1877); "The Labor Dollar" (1881); "Elements of Universology" (1881); "Ideological Etymology" (1881); and "The Church and Religion of the Future" (1885). He died in New York city, May 21, 1886. ANDREWS, Timothy Patrick, soldier, was born in Ireland in 1795. When he was very young he immigrated with his parents to America. At the beginning of the war of 1812, Andrews, but then seventeen years old, ran away from home and joined Commodore Barney, who was at that time facing the enemy in Chesapeake Bay. Barney employed him as aide, and the boy afterwards entered the regular army, becoming paymaster in 1822. During the Mexican war he commanded the regiment of voltigeurs, and for his bravery, especially at Molino del Rey and Chapultepec, he was made brigadier-general by brevet. He afterwards became deputy paymaster-general in 1861, and in 1862 was promoted paymaster-general. He died in Washington, D. C., March 11, 1868. ANDREWS, William Draper, inventor, was born at Grafton, Mass., May 23, 1818. In 1840 he obtained employment with a wrecking company in New York. Familiarity with pumping apparatus led him to make experiments looking to its improvement; and in 1844 he invented a centrifugal pump, for which in 1846 he received a patent. Later he developed an anti-friction centrifugal pump, which came into universal use. The "Cataract" is considered the best of the several other centrifugal pumps patented by him. He obtained patents also for siphon gang-wells, balanced valves, safety elevators, boilers, oscillating steam-engines, friction and differential power gearing, to the number of twenty-five in the United States, and nine foreign patents. His pumps were applied with great success to the U. S. monitors in the civil war, as a means of submerging the ships in action or lightening them when retreat was necessary, water being pumped at the rate of thirty tons a minute into or out of the water compartments. His pumps were also of very great service in dredging channels through the sand bars at the mouth of the St. Johns river, Fla., in the improvements effected in the deepening of the Mississippi river, and in fixing the foundations for the piers of suspension bridges. In 1885 the water supply of Brooklyn was augmented by means of his gang-wells, which supplied daily an average of twenty-five million gallons of water. Various medals and diplomas were awarded Mr. Andrews in the United States and Europe.