Page:The Armed Forces Institute of Pathology-ItsFirstCentury.djvu/157

TRIUMPH OVER TYPHOID

In the interim between the accumulation of the data for the report and its publication, there had been changes in the Surgeon General's Office and in the Medical Museum. General Sternberg had reached the age of retirement in 1902, and had been succeeded by Brig. Gen. William H. Forwood who, after a service of only 3 months as surgeon general, had also retired in the same year, to be succeeded by Brig. Gen. Robert M. O'Reilly. Col. Alfred A. Woodhull had succeeded Col. Dallas Bache as Director of the Museum and Library Division in 1900, to be succeeded in the following year by Col. Calvin DeWitt, who in turn was succeeded by Col. Charles L. Heizmann in July 1903.

On 1 November 1902, Maj. Walter Reed was put in charge of the Library of the Surgeon General's Office, in addition to his duties as Curator of the Museum, and Lieutenant Carroll was designated as Acting Curator. When Major Reed died, later in the same month, Carroll was the natural choice for his successor but, perhaps because he was already in performance of the duties of the office, it was not until July 1903 that he was formally appointed to the post. In 1906, Col. Valery Havard succeeded Colonel Heizmann in charge of the Museum and Library Division, with Lieutenant Carroll continuing as Curator of the Museum. In March 1907, Carroll was promoted to the rank of major, and 6 months later, on 16 September, he died. 20 Upon the death of Major Carroll, Capt. (later Maj.) Frederick Fuller Russell (fig. 46) was named as Curator of the Medical Museum and professor of bacteriology and clinical microscopy at the Army Medical School. The new Curator, 37 years old, had done his premedical work at Cornell University, and had taken his M.D. degree at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University in 1893. After serving an internship and a residency at Bellevue Hospital in New York, and studying in Berlin, he had received a commission in the Army as first lieutenant and assistant surgeon in 1898, being promoted to captain in 1903. He had served in Puerto Rico and, briefly, at the Museum in 1900.

In the latter years of Major Carroll's tenure as Curator of the Museum, he undertook an experiment in vaccination against typhoid fever which, in its use of human volunteers as subjects, was reminiscent of the experiments with