Page:The Ancient Stone Implements (1897).djvu/743

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Eggs of wild goose, portions of in Fisherton beds, 631

Egypt, boring by tubes in, 51; drill and bow used in, 48; early use of sling in, 417; evidence as to date of iron in, 6; flakes from, replaced on each other, 20; meteoric origin of iron used in, 5

Egyptian arrows, chisel-shaped, 368, 395, 409; blades, leaf-shaped, 8, 354; flint flakes, 287; knives, leaf-shaped, 8; knives of polished stone, 6, 348; knives, ripple-marked, 359; mode of mounting adzes and hatchets, 167, 169; notched hammer, 169; sickle, mounting of flakes in, 297, 358; soldiers, carved wooden, 369; wrist-guards, 430

Elagabalus, the Syrian god, 10

Elephant-bed at Brighton, 622

Elf-arrows, 362-366; -bolts, 387; probable interment of as charms, 397; -darts, mounted as amulets, 365; -shot, arrow-heads as protection against, 365

Elissa, bronze sickle of, 5

Embalming, use of stone implement in, 8

Emery-powder, alleged use of in drilling meres, 52

Encampments, ancient, presence of flakes in, 280, 281

Engelhardt, M. C, his method of preserving wood, 152

Engelhardt, M., on the formation of ground-ice, 671

Engravings on bone by cave-dwellers, 484, 523, 657

Enniskillen, late Earl of, on Irish gun-flints, 397

"Eolithic," use of term deprecated, 762

Erosion of valleys, 665-671; chronological data from, 707

Eskimos, their arrow-flakers, 25, 37, 412, 414; ball-weapon, 219; bone harpoons, 394, 505; bone tool for straightening arrow-shafts, 410; flail stone, 219; "flensing knife," 292; hammer of jade or nephrite, 25; iron knife of, 293; meteoric iron used by, 5; mode of hafting knives, 347; pyrites, their use of for producing fire, 15, 317; steatite cooking vessel, 451; stone scrapers, 39, 298, 299, 344; stone scrapers used as planes, 299; weighted throw-strings, 422; whetstones for bone implements, 268; wrist-guard, 430

Etruscan necklaces, arrow-heads as charms in, 65, 366; tombs, gold wreaths for, 84

Euphotide or Gabbro, hatchet chipped of, 36

Europe, early use of the bow in, 360

Evans, Mr. Arthur John, implement found by, 72; Dr. Philip Norman, drift implements found by, 518, 617, 635, 636

Evolution of arrow-heads. 369

Experiments on arrow-flaking by pressure, 39; on arrow-shaft forming, 320, 408; on fashioning a hatchet, 36; on drilling bone, 321, 322; on drilling stone, 48, 50; on sawing stone, 45; on tree-cutting, 69, 162; on the wearing of flint flakes, 504; on woodcutting, 297

External flakes defined, 641

Fabricators and flaking-tools, 412-416; dagger-hilts used as, 413, 414

Faces of celts, definition of, 66

Fairy darts, effect of on cattle, 365, 366; millstones, 437

Falconer, the late Dr. Hugh, on the "bulb of percussion," 274; his work at Brixham cave, 512; on tooth found at Wookey, 520; on worked flints at Abbeville, 527

Fauna, climatal changes shown by, 486, 584, 631, 689; mammalian, altered by man, 482; Brixham, 513; of the caves, 479, 483-486; Creswell, 521; French, 510; Happaway, 517; Kent's Cavern, 507, 508; Long Hole, Gower, 520; Palæolithic and Neolithic compared, 485; Tor Bryan, 517; Welsh, 521; Wookey hyæna den, 519; of the River drift near Aylesford, 611; Bury St. Edmunds, 542, 543; changes of, between Drift and Surface Periods, 704; Fisherton beds, 631; French, 528; Hitchin brick-earth, 537; Lark valley, 543, 550; Little Ouse valley, 551, 556, 561, 569; northern character of in high level gravels, 699; Ouse gravels, 533-538; Spanish, 529; Thames valley, 586, 591; molluscan, at Bury St. Edmunds, 540; of Cam, 539; characteristic of brackish water, in Stour valley, 621; of Fisherton beds, 631; of Hitchin brick-earth, 536; at Hoxne, 575; of Little Ouse valley, 551; marine, in Fen gravels, 681; of Milford Hill, 632; of Ouse gravel, 531-3; at Stutton, 578; in Thames valley, 584, 585

Feathering of arrow-shafts, 410

Felsite, hammer-head of, 230; ovate implement of, 591.

Felstone, implements of, 66, 96, 116, 119, 124, 135, 521, 566; spherulitic, celt of, 124

Fenni, use of bone arrow-heads among the, 361

Fens, denudation of the, 680, 681

Fergusson, Mr. James, on the three Periods of antiquities, 3; on changes in the Ganges delta, 667

Fern roots used as food by the Ahts, 250

Fibrolite, traces of sawing on French hatchets of, 43; Spanish celt of, 44; hatchet, 144; stone resembling, celt of, 188

Fibula, pins and skewers made from the, 431

Fibula, Roman, found with celt in Saxon grave, 144

"Finger flints," 416; -ring, spiral, of bronze, 398

Fire-arms, flints used for, 17

"Fire-drill," widespread use of, 48

Fire, early use of flints for procuring, 15; early modes of producing, 312, 313; use of pyrites in producing, 15, 315; traces of, on bones in caves, 510

Fish, scales of, in river drift, 540, 541

Fisher, Rev. Osmond, 538; on successive Palæolithic Periods, 568

Fishing, mode of twisting lines for, 437

Fishing-hooks of combined flint and bone, 294

Fishing Indians, use of sinkstones by, 236

Flail, military, its nature, 423

"Flail-stones," 218, 230; possibly whetstones, 269

Flakes, "bevel-edged, 546, 559; as borers, 321; broad, 701; circular, 341; in caves, 492, &c.; classification of Neolithic, 275; or Palæeolithic, 641; effects of different uses on, 289; external, 275, 641; as fish-hooks, 294; flat, 276, 642; hafted, 228, 229, 292, 293, 327; in interments, 279, &c.; leaf-shaped, 326, &c.; long, 28, 35, 641, 642; manufacture, &c., of, 22, 35, 83, 606; manufacture of for gun-flints, 19, 20; minute, 325; modes of fracture of, 272; notched by use, 642; on Palæolithic floor, 586, 598, 606; polygonal, 276, 642, 643; rarely ground at edge, 290; relation of cores to, 20, 31, 272; replacement of, on cores, by Mr. Archer, 20; by Mr. W. Smith, 20, 586, 598, 599; by Mr. Spurrell, 20, 606; ridged, 275, 641; in River Gravels, 536, 546, 555, 586, &c.; on Roman sites, 283; row of, mounted as knives, &c., 293; row of, as armature of sickles, 297; sawing by means of, 45; as scrapers, 298, 312; serrated, 294-297; side scrapers, 548, 643; square-ended, 597; of Surface Period compared with Palæolithic, 642; Swiss, mounted, 292; tools employed for making, 24, 25; triangular, 340, 343; trimmed, 326, &c., 642; wide range of, 283, 288