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 parts of the Empire. The Greek language and literature began also to penetrate the provinces of the west, and to find students among the Celts and Spaniards.

THE SUCCESS OF AUGUSTUS—DISSEMINATION OF CHRISTIANITY—DIVISION OF THE EMPIRE.

During a period of nearly three centuries after the death of Augustus, the Empire remained, so far as political arrangements were concerned, pretty nearly as he had left it; and the history of Rome during these centuries is little more than an account of the personal characters of the successive emperors. Some of these seem to have been specimens of the utmost depravity to which human nature could attain; others were men of great mind, and worthy of their station. At first, the Empire was inherited as a birthright by those who could claim descent from Augustus; but in the end, the real patrons of the sovereign dignity were the armies, and especially the prætorian cohorts. To raise favorite generals to the purple, and afterwards to murder them for the sake of the donations which it was customary to receive in the case of a new accession, became the pastime of the various armies; and sometimes it happened that there were several emperors at the same time, different armies throughout the Empire having each appointed one. The effect of these military appointments was to raise to the highest dignity of the state men born at a distance from Rome, and who, spending their lives in the camp, entertained no affection for the city of the Cæsars. Meanwhile, under all the emperors alike, the great family of nations incorporated under the Roman rule were daily advancing towards that condition out of which modern society was to arise. The reader, however, must imagine for himself the toil and bustle of the successive generations of Celts, Spaniards, Greeks, Africans, and Asiatics, who were born and buried during these three important centuries in which modern civilization was cradled; all that we can give here is a chronological list of the emperors during that period:—

Augustus,                from 30  to 14 Tiberius,                  "  14  to 37  " Caligula,                  "  38  "      41  " Claudius,                   "  41  "      54  " Nero,                      "  54  "      68  " Galba, Otho, Vitellius,     "  68  "      70  " Vespasian,                 "  70  "      79  " Titus,                      "  79  "      81  " Domitian,                  "  81  "      96  " Nerva,                      "  96  "      98  " Trajan,                    "  98  "     117  " Hadrian,                    " 117  "     138  " Antonius Pius,             " 138  "     161  " Marcus Antoninus,           " 161  "     180  " Commodus,                  " 180  "     192  " Pertinax,                   " 193 Septimius Severus          " 193  "     211  " Caracalla,                  " 211  "     217  " Heliogabalus,              " 218  "     222  " Alexander Severus,          " 222  "     235  " Julius Maximinus,          " 235  "     238  " Gordian,                    " 238  "     243  " Philip,                    " 243  "     249  " Decius,                     " 249  "     251  " Gallus,                    " 251  "     253  " Valerian and Gallienus,     " 253  "     260  " Gallienus,                 " 261  "     268  " Aurelius,                   " 268  "     270  " Aurelianus,                " 270  "     275  " Tacitus,                    " 275  "     276  " Florian,                   " 276 Probus,                     " 276  "     282  " Carus,                     " 282  "     284  " Diocletian & Maximian,      " 284  "     305  "

The only facts connected with the reigns of these emperors which need be noticed here are, that in the reign of Claudius, Britain was added to the Roman dominion; that under the great Trajan, the Empire was still farther extended; and that under Caracalla, the Roman franchise was extended to all the free inhabitants of the Empire. The vices of such emperors as