Page:The American Indian.djvu/343

Rh Shoshonean and Nahuatl have been combined; the Piman stock is also considered as a member of this group by Swanton and Kroeber; Natchesan and Muskhogean were grouped together by Swanton; Sapir claims Wishoskan (Wiyot) and Weitspekan (Yurok) to be Algonquian; Kroeber and Dixon group the Shasta, Chimariko, Karok (Quoratean), Pomo (Kulanapan), Esselen and Yuman of California as one stock under the new name of Hokan, and in like manner the Wintun (Copehan), Maidu (Pujunan), Yokuts (Mariposan), Miwok (Moquelumnan) and Costanoan under the name Penutian. All such changes have met with opposition and are accumulating a large amount of controversial literature.

Aside from these specific attacks upon the Powell classification it has been recognized that stocks show a geographical grouping of some kind. Boas designates a southeastern type of language to which also the Iroquois and Caddoan seem to belong, other students have noted a similar grouping of the Shoshonean, Kitunahan, and Kiowan stocks. Boas and later Sapir find similarities between the Tlingit, Haida, and the Athapascan. It is quite probable that the further investigation of these relations will result in the elimination of some stocks, and in any event establish some kind of historical relationship. When this comes to pass, we may find that languages have also a geographical grouping not unlike that for other culture traits. Incidentally, we note that the existence of even such geographical affinities as have been so far established suggest long and permanent residence in one area.

1. Athapascan 2. Chiapanecan 3. Chibchan 4. Chinantecan 5. Cunan 6. Huavean 7. Janambrian 8. Jicaquean 9. Jincan 10. Laguneros

11. Lencan 12. Mayan 13. Matagalpan 14. Mosquitoan 15. Nahuatlan 16. Olivean 17. Otomian 18. Pakawan 19. Payon 20. Subtiaban

21. Tamaulipecan 22. Tarascan 23. Tequistlatecan 24. Totonacan 25. Ulvan 26. Waïcurian 27. Yuman 28. Zapotecan 29. Zoquean