Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XVI.djvu/99

 TWISS TYLER 87 tion of the summer in all places for which the least polar distance of the sun is only 18 greater than the latitude, that is, all places in higher N. or S. latitude than 48i (the comple- ment of 18 + 23$, or 41). At a place in 48i X. or S. latitude, the midnight depression of the sun at midsummer amounts to 41, the complement of the latitude, diminished by 23, the obliquity of the ecliptic, that is, to 18 ; and there is therefore no twilight at midnight at this the most favorable season of the year. At lower latitudes there is of course no twilight at midnight. In higher and higher latitudes, as the sun is less and less depressed below the horizon at midnight in summer, the twilight increases in brilliancy, and is finally lost du- ring the period that the circuit of the sun is above the horizon. A beautiful feature attend- ing the twilight is the rich coloring of the clouds upon which the direct rays of the sun strike, and from which they are reflected in gorgeous tints, which slowly change their hues as the angle of reflection varies. This phenom- enon is seen in greatest perfection in moun- tainous regions and over wide districts, where the air remains in a uniform condition un- affected by local causes. The presence of much moisture is also favorable for the display of the finest colors. Thus at sea, especially in the warm atmosphere of the Gulf stream, these exhibitions are of the finest character, as also over the waters of inland seas. Even when no clouds are formed, brilliantly colored bands are produced along the horizon, which change in a somewhat regular order with the con- tinued rising or declining of the sun. These tints are due to the different powers of pene- tration possessed by the different rays of which white light is composed. In the same manner as the solar rays are decomposed and present different colors in passing through a piece of glass covered with smoke in layers of different thickness, these rays are also decomposed in penetrating the dense and humid lower strata of the atmosphere. A slight obstruction of this kind extinguishes the blue rays, and causes those which pass through to appear yellowish red ; next to this the yellow is arrested, and the light is orange ; till with further obstruc- tion the yellow entirely disappears, and the red rays alone reach the surface. TWKS, Sir Trayers, an English jurist, born in London in 1810. He graduated at Oxford in 1840, and was professor of political economy there from 1842 to 1852, afterward of inter- national law at King's college, London, and from 1855 to 1870 regius professor of civil law at Oxford. During the same time, after his admission to the bar, he held various of- fices, and in 1867 was knighted on becoming queen's advocate general, from which office he retired in 1872. His works include "Epitome of Xiebuhr's History of Rome " (1837) ; " The Law of Nations, considered as independent Po- litical Communities " (1861), in a revised and edition of which (1876) he maintains that the three points of the Geneva court of arbitration served only to settle a passing dis- pute, and are now a dead letter ; " The Black Book of the Admiralty," relating to ancient maritime customs and laws (1874 et seq.) and Monumfnta Juridiea (3 vols., 1875 e t seq.). The last two were published under the auspices of the master of the rolls. He has also published an annotated edition of Livy (4 vols., 1840-'41). TWITE. See LIXXET. TWO MOOiTAIXS (Fr. Deux Montagne a S. W. county of Quebec, Canada, on the N. bank of the Ottawa river, at its entrance into the St. Lawrence ; area, 258 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 15,615, of whom 13,972 were of French, 770 of Irish, 348 of Scotch origin or descent, and 416 Indians. It is watered by the riviere du Nord and riviere du Chene, affluents of the Ottawa. Capital, Ste. Scholastique. TYBEE, an island and sound at the mouth of the Savannah river, Georgia. The sound is more properly a bay of the Atlantic ; it extends from Tybee island on the south to Hilton Head island on the north. The island is about 6 m. long and 3 m. broad. In the civil war it was occupied by the federal forces, under Brig. Gen. T. W. Sherman, Nov. 28, 1861, and Fort Pulaski was reduced by their batteries on April 10-11, 1862. TYCHE. See FOBTTNA. TTCHO BRAHE. See BKAIIE. TYCHSEN, Otais Gerhard, a German oriental- ist, born in Tondern, Schleswig, Dec. 14, 1734, died in Rostock, Dec. 30, 1815. He was edu- cated at Gottingen, and in 1760 became pro- fessor of oriental literature at Butzow. "When the university was removed to Rostock in 1789 he was appointed chief librarian and keeper of the museum. His most important work is a journal called Butsov^eJie Nebenttunden ("Lei- sure Hours at Butzow," 6 vols., l766-'9). He is noted for his dissertations upon the rabbini- cal language, oriental numismatics, and epi- graphy. His life has been written by Hart- mann (4 vols., Bremen, 1818-'20). TYCOON, or Shogm. See JAPAN, vol. ix., pp. 542, 543. TYLER. I. A N. W. county of West Vir- ginia, bordering on the Ohio river, and inter- sected by Middle Island creek ; area, 390 sq. m.; pop." in 1870, 7,832, of whom 10 were col- ored. The surface is undulating or rolling, and the soil in the valleys productive. Iron ore, bituminous coal, and excellent building stone and limestone are found in great abun- dance. The chief productions in 1870 were 157,302 bushels of Indian corn, 41,262 of wheat, 42,480 of oats, 21,886 of potatoes, 47,969 Ibs. of tobacco, 26,704 of wool, 108,080 of butter, and 4,365 tons of hay. There were 1,897 horses, 1,566 milch cows, 3,615 other cattle, 12,115 sheep, and 5,402 swine; 2 saw mills, and 2 woollen factories. Capital, Middlebourne. II. An E. county of Texas, bounded N". and E. by the Neches river; area, 1,130 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 5,010, of whom 1,472 were colored.