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 TUTUILA TWESTEN 85 ing man, husbandman, grazier, poet, more skil- ful in all than thriving in any vocation." TCTUILA. See SAMOAN ISLANDS. TUXPAJV, a town of Mexico, in the state and 145 m. N. W. of the city of Vera Cruz, on the river Tuxpan, 5 m. from the gulf of Mexico ; pop. about 5,000. It is situated at the foot of several verdure-covered hills, with groves of mangoes, oranges, and palms in the vicinity. A surrounding tract of 400,000 acres, suitable for sugar, tobacco, and fruit plantations, be- longs to a stock company. The commerce of Tuxpan is annually increasing; its most im- portant trade is in cedar logs. In the year ending Sept. 30, 1874, 105 vessels arrived, and 109 cleared. The total imports were $71,876 ; exports, $175,329. A bar at the mouth of the river cannot be crossed by large vessels, but the river is navigable for small craft 60 m. TVER. I. A central government of Kussia, bordering on Novgorod, Yaroslav, Vladimir, Moscow, Smolensk, and Pskov; area, 25,223 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 1,528,881. The surface is elevated in the south, and slopes toward the north, where it terminates in an extensive plain. The Volga rises in this goverment, and is connected with the Neva by canal. Among the numerous other rivers is the Diina. There are several lakes, the largest of which, Lake Seliger, covers 76 sq. m. The soil is inferior, and the quantity of grain raised is scarcely sufficient for home consumption. A large por- tion of the surface is covered with forests, principally birch, beech, and pine. The rail- way connecting Moscow with St. Petersburg passes through the government, and, together with its water communication with the Baltic, Black, and Caspian seas, gives it an important transit trade. II. A city, capital of the gov- ernment, at the junction of the Tvertza with the Volga, 98 m. N. "W. of Moscow ; pop. about 30,000. It has a fortress, a suburb on the op- posite bank of the Volga, streets and squares beautifully rebuilt after the fire of 1763, fine promenades, a female gymnasium and one for boys, a large Gothic cathedral and 30 other churches, and many private and public palaces. Tver is the chief emporium of the upper Vol- ga, with an extensive trade. In former times it was the capital of the grand duchy of Tver, and now it is the seat of an archbishop and a governor general. TWEED, a river of Scotland and England, which rises at Tweedshaws, at the S. ex- tremity of Peeblesshire, 1,500 ft. above sea level, among the Lowther hills, whence it runs about 20 m. N. E., and then turning E. crosses the counties of Selkirk and Eoxburgh, sepa- rates Berwickshire from the English county of Northumberland, and for the last 4J- m. of its course lies wholly within English territory. It^ enters the North sea at the town of Ber- wick. Its length is 95 m., and it drains an area of 1,870 m., more than any other Scottish river except the Tay. Its principal affluents from the north are the Biggar, Gala, Leader, and Adder, and from the south the Yarrow, Ettrick, Teviot, and Till. It is navigable only a few miles from its mouth, but is remarkable for its salmon fisheries (once worth 15,000 a year, but now much reduced) and its scenery. TWEED, William DIarey, an American politician, born in New York, April 3, 1823. He learned the trade of chair making, and later in life was admitted to the bar. In 1852-'3 he was an alderman, in 1853-'5 a member of congress, in 1856 a supervisor of the city and chairman of the board, in 1856-'7 a school commissioner, from 1861 to 1870 deputy street commissioner, and from 1867 to 1871 a state senator. In April, 1870, he was appointed commissioner of the department of public works, and while he held this office he and his "ring," especially in connection with the building and furnishing of the new city court house, appropriated vast sums of public money to private use. On Oct. 28, 1871, he was arrested in a civil suit on charges of malfeasance, brought by Charles O'Conor on behalf of the people, and gave bail in $1,000,000. In November of the same year he was reflected to the state senate, but did not take his seat. On Dec. 16 he was arrested on a criminal charge of fraud, but was released on $5,000 bail. On Jan. 30, 1873, the first of the suits was tried, and the jury disagreed. On Nov. 19 he was found guilty of fraud, and was sentenced to 12 years' imprisonment on as many different counts, and to pay a fine of $12,550. He was sent to the penitentiary on Blackwell's island, and subsequently was dis- barred. On April 7, 1875, a suit was begun in the supreme court of New York on behalf of the people to recover $6,000,000 from him. These are the principal of several suits both civil and criminal brought against him. On June 15 the court of appeals decided that his further imprisonment was illegal, on the ground that the court below had exceeded its powers in its cumulative sentence, and ordered his dis- charge. He was then ordered to find bail to the amount of $3,000,000 in the pending civil suits, and in default of the same was sent to Ludlow street jail. On Dec. 4, while visiting his residence in charge of two keepers, he es- caped from custody. TWEEDDALE. See PEEBLESSHIRE. TWESTEN. I. August Detlcv Christian, a German theologian, born in Gluckstadt, April 11, 1789, died in Berlin, Jan. 8, 1876. He studied at Kiel, and taught at Berlin, where he adopted the views of Schleiermacher. In 1814 he be- came professor of theology at Kiel, and soon ranked next to Glaus Harms in the Lutheran church of Holstein. In 1835 he succeeded Schleiermacher at Berlin, and in 1850 became a member of the new supreme ecclesiastical council of the United Evangelical church. He was one of the chief representatives of those who strive to reconcile the views of Schleier- macher with orthodox Lutheranism. His works include Vorlesungen uber die Dogmatik der evangelisch-lutherischen Kirche (2 vols., Ham-