Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XVI.djvu/89

 TURNVEREIN TURPENTINE (OiL OF) 77 neck white above, with numerous spots and stripes of brownish black; in front of eyes and on throat white, usually bordered with black ; lower parts, back, rump, and under wing coverts, white; quills brownish black, with white shafts ; tail white at base and tip, with terminal half brownish black ; conspicuous white bar on wings, bill black, and legs orange. The bill is shorter than the head, compressed, obtusely pointed, and slightly bent upward at tip ; legs moderate and stout, with tarsi scaled in front ; toes short and not webbed, the hind one touching the ground ; wings long, the first quill longest ; tail moderate and rounded. It is generally seen in small flocks of five or six, sometimes in company with various sand- pipers ; it is not at all shy, and emits a loud whistling note during flight ; in its spring and summer dress it is very handsome; the eggs are four, 1$ by li in., pale yellowish green with a few black lines and irregular patches of brownish red. It is found all over the world. TURNVEREIN. See GYMNASTICS. TlTlOCZ, a N. W. county of Hungary, bor- dering on the counties of Trentschin, Arva, Lipto, Zolyom, Bars, and Neutra ; area, 444 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 45,346, almost all Slovaks. It is traversed by the Carpathian mountains, and drained by the Waag and its affluent the Turocz. It abounds in rich pastures, meadows, and forests. Capital, Szent-Marton. TURPENTINE, a term applied to several oleo- resins which exude from coniferous trees, and also from the pistacia terebinthus, the tree called by the Greeks reptfiivdos, which furnished the principal variety known to the ancients. Of commercial turpentine there are several varieties, which consist of a resin more or less dissolved in a volatile oil, called oil of turpen- tine. American turpentine is chiefly obtained from the pinus australis or " long-leaved " pine, which is abundant on the coast of the Carolinas and Georgia ; it is also obtained from "old field" pine or pinus tada; the largest quantity is produced in North Carolina. Canada turpentine, called also Canada balsam and balsam of fir, is the product of abies bal- tamea or balm of Gilead fir, a small tree which grows in Canada and the state of Maine.. The German turpentine is principally derived from the Scotch fir, pinvs sylvestris ; French or Bordeaux turpentine is obtained from pinus maritima, which grows in southern Europe and along the Mediterranean coast ; Strasburg turpentine from the silver fir, aMes picea, and from spruce fir, aMes excelsa. That from silver fir is quite liquid, having the odor of lemons and a sharp, bitter taste ; that from spruce fir has a strong balsamic odor and a sweetish, aromatic taste. Venice turpentine is obtained from the larch, larix Europcea ; it is a ropy liquid, of a transparent brownish or greenish color and a bitter taste. Hungarian and Car- pathian turpentines are from pinus pumilio and pinus cembra. Cyprian, Syrian, or Scio turpentine is obtained in Scio from pistacia tereMnthus, and in Syria from pistacia vera, which is also the tree that furnishes pistachio nuts ; it has the odor of fennel and an aro- matic taste like mastic. When exposed to the air, turpentine slowly hardens, partly from eva- poration of the oil, and partly from oxidation. It softens and liquefies by heating, takes fire readily, and burns with a dense smoky flame. It is completely soluble in alcohol and ether. On boiling with water the volatile oil passes off with the steam, while the resin remains in- timately mixed with a small quantity of oil and water, forming a dingy, turbid mass called " boiled turpentine." At a stronger heat the water and remaining portion of oil are ex- pelled, and colophony remains, as a transparent resin, more or less colored. Colophony was formerly regarded as a mixture of two iso- meric acid resins, pinic and sylvic acids ; but recent investigations of Maly have shown it to consist mainly of abietic anhydride, CuHesO^ which when treated with aqueous alcohol takes up water and is converted into abietic acid, Ci4He4O 6. The turpentines are the sources of the oil of turpentine of commerce, which con- stitutes from 10 to 25 per cent, of crude tur- pentine. The remainder is principally rosin, from which the turpentine is distilled. (See ROSIN, and TURPENTINE, OIL OF.) TIRPEKTISE, Oil of, called also spirits of tur- pentine, the volatile oil distilled from turpen- tine, and naturally contained in the wood, bark, and leaves of the trees from which it is obtained. It is prepared by distilling the crude turpentine either alone or with water. It was formerly supposed that all the oils thus obtained, which have the formula CioHie, Lad the same properties; but recent investi- gations, particularly by Berthelot, show that the oils obtained from different sources pos- sess different physical (particularly optical) properties, and that they are generally mix- tures of two or more isomeric or polymeric hydrocarbons ; and furthermore, that the modi- fications are often produced hy heat and chem- ical reagents during the distillation or purifica- tion of the oil. But they all belong to the class of terpenes, of which the volatile oils of aurantiaceous plants, as the orange and lemon, are members, as well as the oils of caraway, juniper, and lavender, which are isomeric; also the oils of copaiba and cubebs, which are polymeric (CsoHsa). These terpenes are mem- bers of a large group, designated by Berthelot as camphenes, which also have the formula CioHis. The several varieties of turpentine oil, when purified by repeated rectification with water, are colorless mobile liquids having a peculiar aromatic odor. They are insoluble in water, slightly soluble in aqueous alcohol, but dissolve in all proportions in absolute alcohol, ether, and bisulphide of carbon. They dis- solve iodine, sulphur, and phosphorus, and also fixed oils and resins, on which account they are used for mixing with paints and for ma- king varnishes. The oils f different origin