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 ZWIKNEK left no symbol of faith, no system of -positive theology. His 67,theses, like all his writings, are prevailingly polemical. Attempts have however been made to elaborate and systema- tize his divinity from his works. (See Dr. Edu- ard Zeller, Das theologische /System ZwinglVs dargestellt, Tubingen, 1853 ; and Sigwart, Ul- rich Zwingli: der Character seiner Tlieologie, Stuttgart and Hamburg, 1855.) A complete collection of bis writings has been published in 8 vols. (Zurich, 1828). Of the numerous biographies of Zwingli may be mentioned Hottinger's Huldreich Zwingli und seine Zeit (Zurich, 1841), and Christoffel's Huldreich ZwingWs Leben und ausgewahlte Schriften, in Die Vater der reformirten Kirche (Elberfeld, 1857). ZWIRNER, Ernst Friedrich, a German archi- tect, born at Jakobswald, Silesia, Feb. 28, 1802, died in Cologne, Sept. 22, 1861. He was a pupil of the school of architecture at Breslau, and afterward studied under Schinkel in Berlin. He was attached to the superior ad- ministration of architecture in 1828, and exe- cuted several important works, mostly after the plans of Schinkel. In 1833 he was ap- pointed architect of the cathedral of Cologne, which had been commenced about 600 years before. Zwirner drew his plans, made the necessary estimates, and then appealed to Ger- many for assistance. The- transept and the north and south portals were completed ac- cording to his designs a little more than a year after his death. He designed and in several cases superintended the erection of numerous churches and castles along the banks of the Ehine. At the time of his death he was president of the council of architecture of the province of Cologne, and a Prussian privy councillor. ZWOLLE, a city of the Netherlands, capital of the province of Overyssel, on the Zwarte "Water and near the Yssel and Vecht, all tribu- taries of the Zuyder Zee, about 50 m. E. K E. of Amsterdam; pop. in 1875, 21,329. It is con- nected with the Yssel by the Willemsvaart ca- nal, has three suburbs, and fine streets, squares, and promenades. The principal church is St. Michael's, with a celebrated organ. The city has a Latin school, a drawing or trades school, a school of navigation, a public library, a mu- seum of natural history, a theatre, large cattle, corn, and fish markets, cotton factories, dye houses, and ship yards, and an extensive trade. Thomas d Kempis in 1400 began his novice- ship at the monastery of Mount St. Agnes, 3 m. K of Zwolle, where he is buried. Adjoin- ing the city is the thriving village of Zwoller- kerspel, with more than 5,000 inhabitants. Zwolle was fortified in 1223, and became a Hanse town. After the expulsion of the Cath- olics in 1580 it joined the states general. In 1672 it surrendered to Galen, the warrior bish- op of Milnster. The strong fortifications were razed in 1674, and subsequently restored, but recently they have again been demolished. ZYMOSIS 843 ZYMOSIS (Gr. typuaig, fermentation), a term used in speculative pathology to denote the action of a peculiar and little known process analogous to fermentation. From remote an- tiquity various hypotheses have prevailed to account for the morbid changes of the blood in epidemic, endemic, and infectious or con- tagious diseases ; but most of them have been so inseparably connected with the old humo- ral pathology that they received little consid- eration till rendered plausible by the researches of modern chemists, who assume the analogy of yeast in producing fermentation and a virus or poison producing its effects upon the sys- tem through the blood. According to the views of some, a zymotic change of the blood is due to catalysis, or continuous molecular action: for example, a decomposing organic molecule is introduced into the human body, and by a law of catalysis, induction, or con- tact, this molecule or germ imparts its own motions to other molecules with which it may come in contact. Chemists have defined tbis change to be "decomposition by con- tact" or the "action of presence." The term zymosis was introduced by Dr. William Farr, and includes epidemic, endemic, and contagious diseases, which are enumerated fur- ther on. An illustration of this law is the power which small quantities of certain sub- stances possess of causing unlimited quanti- ties to pass into the same state. Other analo- gies are the contagion of motion, as witnessed when a stone is dropped into water, the dif- fusion of heat from molecule to molecule, the phenomena of crystallization, or the solution of an alloy of platinum and silver in nitric acid, when the platinum, which under ordi- nary circumstances is insoluble in nitric acid, takes on the action that is transmitted through the atoms of silver. A more remote analogy is the setting in motion of one multiplying wheel by another, or the extension of a con- flagration to surrounding combustibles. An illustration more to the point is the molecu- lar motion that takes place in the modern ope- ration of skin grafting. We are still igno- rant of the different viruses, contagions, poi- sons, miasmata, &c. ; but it can be shown, in attempting to trace some of their phenomena, that the introduction of putrid or contagious matter into the animal system gives rise to factitious diseases having all the characteristics of essential fevers. The following observa- tions have been adduced in reference to this point. Subjects in anatomical theatres fre- quently pass into a state of decomposition, which is communicated to the blood of the living body. Putrefying blood, brain, eggs, &c., laid on recent wounds, cause vomiting, lassitude, and death after a longer or shorter interval. Numerous experiments have demon- strated that putrid matter injected into the blood of healthy animals gives rise to a set of symptoms analogous to typhus. Injecting yeast or sugar into the circulation excites many