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 836 ZSCHOKKE kept up the siege, and during the final assault the defenders, reduced to 600, rushed forth and fell fighting. In this siege the Turks lost more than 20,000 men. ZSCHOKKE, Johann Heinrich Daniel, a German author, horn in Magdeburg, March 22, 1771, died at Biberstein, Switzerland, June 27, 1848. He escaped from the gymnasium in 1788 to join a company of strolling players, with whom he remained for some time as play writer. Afterward he went to the university of Frank- fort-on-the-Oder, studied theology, history, belles-lettres, and political economy, and in 1792 became a private teacher in that city. He acquired some reputation by dramatic pieces, among which were his Abdllino, der grosse Bandit (Berlin, 1793), and Julius von Sassen (Zurich, 1796). In 1795 he applied for a professorship, but it was refused on account of his treatise against the edict of the govern- ment in respect to religion. After travelling through Germany, Switzerland, and France, he established with Tscharner a school at Keichenau in the canton of the Grisons, which became very prosperous, and Zschokke was made a citizen. In 1798 he published Ge- schichte des Freistaats der drei BUnde in Rhd- tien. In the same year his school was broken up in consequence of his advocating the union of the Grisons with the Helvetic republic. Zschokke then went to Aarau, the seat of the Swiss government, was for some time chief of the department of education, and was sent as government commissioner to the canton of Unterwalden, where he restored peace. His authority was subsequently extended over the cantons of Uri, Schwytz, and Zug. In 1800 the central government made him commis- sioner, and he organized the Italian bailiwicks of Lugano and Bellinzona ; and on his return he was made ruler of the canton of Basel, where the opposition to the land tax and the tithes had assumed a revolutionary character. Throwing himself into the midst of an armed multitude, he pacified them by his eloquence. When Aloys von Reding at the head of the central government had determined in 1801 to restore the old federal union, Zschokke re- signed his offices, and retired to the castle of Biberstein in Aargau. On the establishment of a new federal union by Bonaparte in 1803, he was recalled to public life, and in 1804 was made a citizen of the canton of Aargau and ap- pointed a member of the council of forests and mines. In the latter year he started a jour- nal called Der aufrichtige und wohlerfahrene Schweizerbote, which was widely circulated and exerted great influence, and in 1807 the Mis- cellen far die neueste Weltkunde, which lasted till 1813. In 1829 he resigned his inspectorship in consequence of accusations brought against him for an article in the Schweizerboten, but continued to hold several other offices. Among his historical works are Geschichte vom Kampfe und Untergange der schweizerisehen Berg- und Waldcantone (Zurich, 1801); OescUchte des ZUCOARO "baierischen Voiles und seiner Farsten (4 vols., Aarau, 1813-'18) ; and Des Schweizerlandes Qe- schichte fUr das Schweizercolk (Zurich, 1822 ; English translation, London, 1834, and, with a continuation by Emil Zschokke to 1848, by F. G. Shaw, New York, 1855; new ed., 1875). His novels and tales are exceedingly numerous ; among the best are Der Creole; Alamontade ; Jonathan Frock; Oswald, oder das Goldma- chersdorf; and Meister Jordan. English trans- lations comprise " Journal of a poor Vicar, the Walpurgis Night, and other Stories " (Phil- adelphia, 1845); a selection from his tales by Parke Godwin (New York, 1848); and "The Lover's Stratagem and other Tales," with over 100 illustrations by Linton (London, 1848). There are editions of his Novellen und Dich- tungen in 10 volumes (New York, 1859) and in 17 volumes (Aarau, 1865). His most cele- brated work is Stunden der Andacht, consist- ing of meditative and devotional essays (first published anonymously, Aarau, 1806 ; latest ed., 1874). It was translated into English in 1843, and after Prince Albert's death, at the request of the queen, by Frederica Rowan ("Meditations on Death and Eternity," Lon- don, 1862). His complete works comprise 40 volumes (1854-'9). His autobiography (Selbst- schau, 1842; 5th ed., 2 vols., 1853) has been translated into English (London, 1845). ZDCCARELLI, Francesco, an Italian painter, born at Pitigliano, near Florence, in 1702, died in Florence in 1788. He settled in Venice, excelled in landscapes, and in 1752 was invited to England, where he stood at the head of the profession in landscape, and was one of the original members of the royal academy. He returned to Florence in 1773. ZUCCARO. I. Taddeo, an Italian painter, born in the duchy of Urbino in 1529, died in Rome, Sept. 2, 1566. As a boy he was employed as a color grinder at Rome, and at the age of 18 established his reputation as a fresco painter. He executed many works on a considerable scale, of which the most celebrated are a series of frescoes in the palace at Caprarola illus- trating the glories of the Farnese family, and which were engraved in 45 plates by Pren- ner (fol., Rome, 1748-'50). He was much em- ployed by the duke of Urbino and Popes Julius III. and Paul IV. His popularity, according to Lanzi, is explained by the fact that he never painted anything which could not be readily understood. II. Federlgo, an Italian painter, brother of the preceding, born in the duchy of Urbino about 1543, died in Ancona in 1609. His first notable work, in the cupola of the Florence cathedral, was remarkable only for its size. In Rome he was employed in the Pauline chapel of the Vatican; but by cari- caturing some of the papal courtiers he in- curred the pope's displeasure, and subsequent- ly worked in Flanders, and painted portraits of Queen Elizabeth and others in England. In Venice he was knighted on account of his em- bellishment of the grand council hall, after