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 828 ZION ZIRCONIUM gen. He then travelled into different coun- tries to extend his society, and many congre- gations and missions were founded. In 1736, on account of his religious innovations, he was banished from Saxony, and went to Berlin. While here he was consecrated a bishop of the Moravian church. (See MORAVIANS.) In 1739 he published a kind of catechism entitled " The Good Word of the Lord," and the same year made a voyage to the islands of St. Thom- as and Santa Cruz, where the Brethren had al- ready established missions. In 1741, accom- panied by his young daughter Benigna, he be- gan preaching at Germantown and Bethlehem, Pa., and in February, 1742, he ordained at Oly the missionaries Eauch and Ruttner. At Shekomeco he established the first Indian Mo- ravian congregation in America. He returned to Europe in 1743, and made a journey to Li- vonia ; but the Russian government would not allow him to proceed further. He then made several visits to Holland and England, where he spent more than four years, and obtained an act of parliament for the protection of his followers throughout the British dominions. He also established a Moravian academy, and obtained a committee of investigation into the principles of the sect, which declared the Moravian community true adherents to the Confession of Augsburg. The number of his followers increased, and new missions were established in the East Indies and other remote regions. He spent his latter years at Herrn- hut, where he died after an illness of a few days. His remains were borne to the grave by 32 preachers and missionaries, whom he had reared, from Holland, England, Ireland, North America, and Greenland. Zinzendorf wrote controversial works, narratives of his own labors, numerous hymns, &c. See Span- genberg, Leben des Graf en von Zinzendorf (Bar- by, 1772-'5 ; translated by S. Jackson, 8vo, London, 1838) ; Varnhagen von Ense, Leben des Graf en von Zimendorf, in his Denkmale (Berlin, 1830); and R. Ritter, "Notices of Count Zinzendorf" (8vo, Philadelphia, 1857). His son, Count CHRISTIAN REXATUS, was educated at the university of Jena, and in 1744 was introduced by his father as an elder of the single brethren. He wrote many prac- tical soliloquies, meditations, and hymns, and died at Westminster, May 28, 1752. ZION, or Sion (Heb. Tziyori), Mount, one of the hills on which Jerusalem is built. It oc- cupies the whole S. W. section of the an- cient site of the city, rising abruptly from the valley of Hinnom on the west and south about 150 ft., and above the valley of Jehosh- aphat on the east about 300 ft. On the south- east it slopes steeply in a series of cultivated terraces to the site of the " king's gardens," the whole declivity being sown with grain and dotted with olive trees. On the east, over- looking the Tyropoeon valley, are precipices which were anciently much higher than now. To the north alone was the site anciently un- protected by nature, and here it was strongly fortified with towers by the Jebusites. The Tyropoeon separated Zion from Acra on the north, Moriah on the northeast, and Ophel on the east. (See JERUSALEM.) Mount Zion is supposed to have been the first spot in Jerusa- lem occupied by buildings, and to be the Salem of Melchisedek. It was captured from the Je- busites by King David, who made it the seat of his court and the depository of the ark. Hence it is frequently called in Scripture the " city of David " and the " holy hill." Its name often represents the whole of Jerusalem. Jo- sephus calls it the " upper city," adding that it was known also in his day as the " upper mar- ket." A large part of it is outside the modern walls. Among the very recent discoveries from the excavations made by Henry Mauds- ley, are a portion of the old west wall of the city and the remains of an ancient tower about 25 ft. square, believed to indicate the S. W. angle of the first wall. Connected with this tower is a rock scarp averaging about 20 ft. in height, which has been traced a consid- erable distance northerly and easterly. At the tower and along the line of the scarp are many cisterns. All these, with a great cause- way previously discovered by Capt. Warren, connecting Mount Zion with Mount Moriah, have a covering of Boil and debris of great depth, at some points 50 ft. For these and other recent discoveries in detail, see " Free- masonry in the Holy Land " (New York, 1873), and the Palestine exploration fund so- ciety's "Quarterly Statement" for January and April, 1875 (London). ZIPS (Hun. Szepes), a N. county of Hungary, in the Cis-Tibiscan circle, bordering on the counties of Saros, Abauj, Torna, Gomor, and Lipt6, and on Galicia; area, 1,404 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 175,061, chiefly Slovaks and Germans. It is traversed by the highest part of the Car- pathian mountains, and has large forests. The climate is inclement. The chief products are barley, oats, peas, and potatoes. There is con- siderable industry. Capital, Leutschau. ZIRCONIUM (named from the mineral zircon), a rare metal, recognized as a peculiar sub- stance by Klaproth in 1789, and first separa- ted by Berzelius in 1824. It is a component of the minerals zircon, hyacinth, eudialyte, poly- mignite, oerstedite, fergusonite, and catapleiite. The double fluoride of potassium and zirconium being heated with potassium, and the residue when cold treated with dilute hydrochloric acid, the amorphous zirconium falls as a black powder. It is purified by washing with chlo- ride of ammonium, and then with alcohol. Under the burnisher it takes a slight metallic lustre, and its conducting power for electricity is very low. Crystallized zirconium was pre- pared by Troost in 1865 by heating 1 part of the double fluoride of potassium and zirconi- um with 1-fc part of aluminum in a plumbago crucible to the point of fusion of iron. After the operation the aluminum is found to be