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 72 TURNER Gift," and such of his pictures as were in Ins possession to the nation. His intentions were partially thwarted by the unskilful manner in which the will was drawn ; and while his pictures, drawings, and sketches have been secured to the nation, the remainder of his property, with the exception of 20,000 ap- propriated to the royal academy, was divided among his next of kin. The oil paintings, numbering upward of 100, and comprising specimens of his style from the outset to the termination of his career, are in the national gallery. Two of them, " The Building of Car- thage," which he esteemed so highly that he is said to have announced his intention of being buried in it, and " Sun rising through a Mist," he directed should be hung next to prominent works by Claude. The drawings, studies, and sketches, numbering altogether upward of 19,- 000, have been cleaned, mounted, and arranged by Mr. Ruskin. Turner wrote a poem in blank verse entitled "The Fallacies of Hope," ex- tracts from which, for the most part "destitute of rhyme, rhythm, or reason," were frequently appended to the titles of his pictures in the royal academy catalogues. The prominent position which Turner occupies is largely due to John Ruskin, whoso "Modern Painters" contains an exhaustive analysis of his works. His remains were buried in the crypt of St. Paul's, beside those of Reynolds, and his statue by McDowell was erected in the cathedral in 1863. The only extended biography of Tur- ner is by Walter Thornbury (2 vols., London, 1862 ; new ed., 1874). TURNER, Samuel Hnlbeart, an American clergy- man, born in Philadelphia, Jan. 23, 1790, died in New York, Dec. 21, 1801. He graduated at the university of Pennsylvania in 1807, studied theology, and was ordained deacon in the Pro- testant Episcopal church, Jan. 27, 1811. He became rector of the church at Chestertown, Md., in 1812, resigned in 1817, and officiated for a time in New York and Brooklyn. In 1818 he was elected professor of historic theology in the general theological seminary in New York, and in 1821 of Biblical learning and the interpretation of Scripture. From 1830 he was in addition professor of Hebrew in Colum- bia college. He published " Notes on the Epis- tle to the Romans " (1824) ; " Companion to the Book of Genesis" (1841); "Biographical No- tices of Jewish Rabbis " (1847) ; " Parallel Ref- erences of the New Testament" (1848); "Es- say on our Lord's Discourse at Capernaum " (1851); "Thoughts on Scriptural Prophecy" (1852); commentaries on Romans, Hebrews, Ephesians, and Galatians (1852-'6); "Teach- ings of the Master" (1858); "Spiritual Things compared with Spiritual" (1859); "The Gos- pels according to the Ammonian Sections and the Tables of Eusebius" (1861); and, in con- junction with Bishop Whittingham, "Intro- duction to the Old Testament," from the Latin and German of Jahn (1827), and " Introduction to Sacred Philology and Interpretation," from TURNING the German of Planck (1834). His "Autobi- ography " was published in 1862. TURNER* I. Sharon, an English historian, born in London, Sept. 24, 1768, died there, Feb. 13, 1847. He was an attorney, but re- tired from business in 1829. His most impor- tant works are a "History of the Anglo-Sax- ons" (4 vols. 8vo, 1799-1805; 7th ed., revised by his son Sydney, 3 vols. 8vo, 1852), and a " History of England in the Middle Ages, with a Continuation to the Death of Elizabeth " (5 vols. 4to, 1814-'29). He also published " In- quiry concerning the Early Use of Rime " (1802); "Sacred Meditations by a Layman" (1810); "A Prolusion on the Recent Great- ness of Britain, and other Subjects" (1819); " A Sacred History of the World, as displayed in the Creation and subsequent Events to the Deluge " (3 vols. 8vo, 1882 et eq.) ; and " Rich- ard III., a Poem " (1845). II. Sydney, an Eng- lish clergyman, son of the preceding, born April 2, 1814. He graduated at Trinity col- lege, Cambridge, in 1836, and in 1838 became superintendent of the reformatory school of the philanthropic society in London, and ef- fected its reorganization as the Red Hill re- formatory near Reigate in 1846. In 1857 he became inspector of reformatories in England and Scotland. He has published "Reforma- tory Schools, a Letter to C. B. Adderley, Esq., M. P." (8vo, 1855), and an enlarged edition of his father's "Sacred History of the World." TURNER, William, an English naturalist, born in Morpeth, Northumberland, about 1515, died July 7, 1568. He studied medicine and divin- ity at Cambridge, took part in the religious discussions of the time, and was imprisoned. After his release he studied natural history at Zurich and Bologna. Upon the death of Henry VIII. he returned home, and in the reign of Edward VI. became physician to the protector Somerset, and later prebendary of York, dean of Wells, and canon of Windsor. He again lived abroad during the reign of Mary. The work on which his reputation rests is his " Herball," the first book of which appeared in London (fol., 1551), and the sec- ond at Cologne (1562). He wrote also Avinm Pracipuarum, quorum apud Plinium et Aris- totelem Mentio est, Hittoria (8vo, Cologne, 1554), and the account of British fishes in Gesner's Ilistoria Animalium ; and published a collation of the English Bible with the lie- brew, Greek, and Latin copies. TURNHOIT, a town of Belgium, in the prov- ince and 25 m. E. N. E. of the city of Antwerp : pop. about 15,000. It has a large church and extensive manufactories of linen, ticking, and lace. Leeches are reared here. In 1597 Mau- rice of Nassau routed the Spaniards here with the assistance of English troops, and compelled the fortress of Turnhout to surrender. TURNING, the art of shaping wood, metal, or other hard substances into forms having usu- ally curved, and most commonly circular out- lines, and also of executing figures composed