Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XVI.djvu/832

 802 ZAGAZIG portraits and genre and historical pictures. He went to Russia in 1843, and made a series of designs exhibited in 1847 and 1848. His works include " Mme. Ancelot" (1842); "Remorse of Judas" (1846) ; "A Fallen Angel " (1852) ; "The First Consul descending the Alps" (1853) ; " Ney supporting the Rear Guard in Russia " and " The Seven Capital Sins," after Dante (1855); "Capture of the Malakhoff " (1857), which, executed in the Crimea for the govern- ment, became very popular, and reappeared at the exhibition of 1867 with other pieces rela- ting to the Malakhoff ; "The Battle of Sol- ferino" (1861); and "Magenta" (1863). ZTHE last letter of the Teutonic, Romanic, and most of the Slavic alphabets, the sixth of the Greek, and the seventh of the Hebrew, Phoenician, and Arabic. In English, French, and Portuguese, as well as in modern Greek, Polish, Bohemian, and Hungarian, it is simply a linguo-dental consonant, forming the feeble or sonorous counterpart of the sibilant S, the difference between the two resulting from the fact that in sounding Z the vocal chords of the glottis are used, while in sounding S they are inactive. In all these languages the regular sound of Z is that heard in the words zone, zebra, zinc. In the ancient Greek it had the sound of English dz, and was reckoned metri- cally as a double consonant. It was intro- duced into the Latin in the time of Augustus, and placed at the end of the alphabet. In Gorman it is pronounced as ts; in Italian as ts and dz ; in Spanish like th in think, but in Spanish America generally like s sharp. The Russians have two letters, one the eighth of their alphabet, representing our simple Z, the other the 23d, equivalent to ts. As a numeral the Greek Z signifies 7 ; among the Romans Z stood for 2,000 ; with a horizontal line over it, for 2,000,000. ZACAPA, a town of Guatemala, in the depart- ment of Chiquimula, about 60 m. E. N. E. of New Guatemala, and 30 m. S. W. of the Atlan- tic port of Izabal ; pop. about 8,000. It is situ- ated in the centre of a plain, on the right bank of the Rio Copan, 5 m. S. of its mouth in the Motagua, and 10 m. N. of the town of Chi- quimula, the capital of the department. Cof- fee is extensively cultivated in the vicinity. ZACATECAS. I. An inland state of Mexico, bounded N. by Coahuila, E. by San Luis Po- tosi, Aguas Calientes, and Jalisco, S. by Jalis- co, and W. by Jalisco and Durango ; area, 26,- 585 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 397,945. It is one of the most mountainous states in the repub- lic, being traversed from N. to S. by a branch of the Sierra Madre, with numerous spurs on the west. East of this there are comparatively few mountains, and these for the most part form small isolated sierras. The hilly coun- try of the centre and west is interspersed with spacious and fertile valleys, and deep ravines and gorges. Zacatecas is poorly watered, none of its few streams exceeding the proportions of mountain torrents. The climate, rather cold in the elevated region, is warm in the valleys, and is regarded as generally salubrious. Sil- ver is extremely abundant in this state, which long ranked as the first, but now ranks as sec- ond to Guanajuato, among the great mining states of Mexico. Mining is the chief indus- try, though agriculture is extensively carried on, the cultivated products being the same as in Guanajuato. Zacatecas is divided into 12 partidos or districts, viz. : Zacatecas, Fresnillo, Sombrerete, Nieves, Mazapil, Ciudad Garcia, Pinos, Villanueva, Sanchez Roman, Juchipila, Nochistlan, and Ojo Caliente. II. A city, cap- ital of the state, in a deep mountain gorge, about 300 m. N. W. of Mexico ; pop. about 35,000. Owing to its wild arid surroundings, it presents an aspect at once dull and bleak. The streets are very uneven and badly paved. It has several churches, a theatre, a hospital, a mint, primary schools, and a literary institute founded in 1868. The value of the coinage from 1810 to 1867 was $216,000,000. ZACH, Franz, baron, a German astronomer, born in Presburg in June, 1754, died in Paris, Sept. 2, 1832. He served in the Austrian army, was director of the observatory at See- berg near Gotha from 1787 to 1806, accom- panied the widowed duchess of Saxe-Gotha in a journey in France in 1804-'5, removed to the south of France in 1812, and went with the duchess to Italy in 1813, settling at Genoa, where they remained till her death in 1827, when he returned to France. His Geographi- sche Ephemeriden and Monatliche Correspon- dem (28 vols., Gotha, 1800-'13) he continued while in Italy under the title of Correspon- dance attronomique (1818-'28). He also wrote on the attraction of mountains, and published several series of astronomical tables. He pro- moted the establishment of observatories at Naples and Lucca. His elder brother, Baron ANTON (1747-1826), was an Austrian general, reaching the rank of field marshal lieutenant in 1801. He published works on fortification and on tactics, and papers on mathematics and astronomy. ZACYMIirs. See ZANTE. ZAFFRE. See COBALT, vol. iv., p. 767. ZAGAZIG, a town of Lower Egypt, capital of the province of Sharkieh, about 75 m. N. W. of Suez, with which it is connected by rail ; pop. estimated in 1876 at 40,000, including many English and other foreign merchants. The cotton from the E. part of the delta of the