Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XVI.djvu/776

 748 WYKEHAM WYMAN done till the antipope Clement VIII., in 1428, ordered the sentence to be strictly executed, when his remains were burned and the ashes cast into the Swift, a branch of the Avon. Wycliffe maintained that the authority of the crown was supreme over all persons and prop- erty in England. Ho was opposed to the whole framework of the hierarchy as a device of cler- ical ambition, and to episcopacy and endow- ments, and held that the clergy should be sup- ported by alms, and should require only liveli- hood and clothing. He retained the ordinance of baptism, but without regarding it as essen- tial to salvation, and the sacrament of the mass, but without the doctrine of transubstan- tiation. He denied any intrinsic beneficial in- fluence from confirmation, penance, holy or- ders, or extreme unction, and declared them all fraught with delusion. He believed in the existence of an intermediate state, but held masses for the dead to be a piece of clerical machinery, adjusted with a view to gain. He taught that man are neither the better nor worse for church censures, but that the desti- ny of each is determined according to his own spiritual condition as a responsible creature. The number of brief tracts which he produced baffles calculation ; 200 are said to have been burner! in Bohemia; many of them still exist in manuscript. The "Select English Works of John Wyclif " have been edited from ori- ginal manuscripts by T. Arnold (3 vols. 8vo, London, 1871). His life has been written by the Rev John Lewis (1719), Dr. Robert Vaugh- an (1828; revised, 1853), and the Rev. Webb Le Bas (1832). See also "John de Wycliffe, D.D., a Monograph," by Robert Vaughan, D.D. (London, 1853), and Lechler's Johann von Wiclif und die Vorgeschichte der Reformation (Leipsic, 1873). WYKEHAM, William of. See WILLIAM OF WYKEHAM. WYLIE, Andrew, an American educator, born in Washington co., Pa., April 12, 1789, died in Bloomington, Ind., Nov. 11, 1851. He gradu- ated at Jefferson college in 1810, became its president in 1812, and was licensed as a preach- er in the Presbyterian church. In 1817 he was chosen president of Washington college, and from 1829 till his death he was president of the university of Indiana. In 1841 he was ordained a deacon in the Protestant Episcopal church, and in 1842 a priest. His publications consist of an "English Grammar" (1822), "Sectarianism is Heresy" (1840), and numer- ous occasional addresses. WYMAX, Jeffries, an American comparative anatomist, born in Chelmsford, Mass., Aug. 11, 1814, died in Bethlehem, N. H., Sept, 4, 1874. His father, Rufus Wyman, was the first phy- sician of the McLean asylum for the insane. Jeffries graduated at Harvard college in 1833, received the degree of M. D. in 1837, and be- came demonstrator to the professor of anat- omy, Dr. John Collins Warner. In 1839 he was appointed curator of the Lowell institute, Boston, and in 1840 was selected to deliver a course of lectures for it. He then studied in Europe, and in 1843 became professor of anat- omy and physiology in the medical department of Hampden Sidney college, Richmond, Va. In 1847 he accepted the chair of anatomy in Harvard university, and began the formation of the museum of comparative anatomy, to which he devoted a large part of his life. For this work he travelled extensively, and his col- lections rapidly outgrew all the accommoda- tions provided for them. On the foundation of the archaeological museum by George Pea- body in 1866, Prof. Wyman was appointed cu- rator. He was secretary of the Boston society of natural history, its curator successively in different departments, and its president from 1856 to 1870. In 1857 he was chosen president of the American association for the advance- ment of science. His two collections, that of comparative anatomy and that of archaeology, are monumental. His experiments on the de- velopment of infusoria in infusions of organic matter, after long continued boiling in sealed vessels, are among the most thorough and sat- isfactory which have been made on this crucial subject. His observations on the development of mould in the interior of eggs bear on the same disputed question. He made visible at a distance, and even measured, the force of cil- iary motion, by an exquisitely contrived little apparatus of his own invention. He studied the effect of light on the development of ba- trachian larvae, and illustrated the action of a quasi-polar force in the formation of a double- headed foetus and similar monstrosities, and in the differentiation and disposition of the em- bryonic elements generally, in the most striking manner, by the action of bar magnets on iron filings. In comparative anatomy his knowl- edge was first made known to the public by his exposure of the factitious character of the com- posite fabric exhibited as the skeleton of an ex- tinct sea serpent, under the name of hydrarchus Tillimani. In the catalogue of scientific papers compiled and published by the loyal society of London is a list of 64 articles by Prof. Wymnn, and a mention of four others bearing his name in conjunction with those of Prof. Hall, Prof. Horsford, and Dr. Savage. Among his most important published papers are the following: "Observations on Crania;" "Report on the Examination of the Skeleton of a Hottentot;" " Arrangement of the Spicula of Cancellated Structure in the Neck of the Femur and other Bones ;" " Description of the Brain and Cranial Cavity of Daniel Webster;" "Account of a hitherto unnoticed Fracture of the two lower Lumbar Vertebrae;" "Evidence in a Murder Trial on the Changes of Bones subjected to great Heat ;" " On the Nervous System of Ra- na Pipiens;" "On the Embryology of R.'iia Batis;" and his description of the gorilla. His pamphlet entitled "Notes on the Cells of the Bee " is a model of accurate, patient, ingenious research, leading to conclusions quite different