Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XVI.djvu/697

 WINSLOW His principal work is Exposition anatomique de la structure du corps humain (Paris, 1732), which was translated into many languages. WINSLOW, John A., an American naval offi- cer, born in Wilmington, N. C., Nov. 19, 1811, died in Boston. Sept. 29, 1873. He was ap- pointed midshipman in 1827, and commissioned as lieutenant in 1839. He distinguished him- self in the Mexican war, and became com- mander in 1855. In 1861-'2 he was attached to the Mississippi flotilla, and was commis- sioned captain July 16, 1862. In 1863-'4 he commanded the steam sloop Kearsarge, in which on June 19, 1864, off Cherbourg, France, he encountered and sunk the confederate crui- ser Alabama, commanded by Raphael Semmes. For this achievement he was promoted to the grade of commodore. He was subsequently in command of the gulf squadron, of the Pacific fleet, and of the navy yard at Portsmouth, N. H. He became rear admiral in 1870. WINSLOW. I. Miron, an American mission- ary, born in Williston, Vt., Dec. 11, 1789, died at the Cape of Good Hope, Oct. 22, 1864. He graduated at Middlebury college in 1815, and sailed in June, 1819, as missionary to India. After laboring 17 years in Ceylon, he founded a mission at Madras, and was president of the native college which he founded in 1840. He prepared a complete "Dictionary of the Tamil and English Languages" (Madras, 1862), and also published a "History of Missions" (1819), " Memoir of Mrs. Harriet L. Winslow " (1838), and " Hints on Missions to India " (1856). II. Hnbbard, an American clergyman, brother of the preceding, born in Williston, Vt., Oct. 30, 1800, died there, Aug. 13, 1864. He gradu- ated at Yale college in 1825, studied theology there, and became pastor of the Congregational church in Dover, N. H., in 1828, and of the Bowdoin street Congregational church, Bos- ton, in 1832. From 1844 to 1853 he was prin- cipal of the Mount Vernon seminary for young ladies in Boston. In 1858-'9 he preached to the first Presbyterian church in Geneva, N. Y., and in 1861 to the 50th street Presbyterian church in New York. He published " Contro- versial Theology" (1832); "Doctrine of the Trinity" (1834); " Christianity applied to our Civil and Social Relations " (1835) ; "Appro- priate Sphere of Woman "(1837) ; " Woman as She Should Be "(1837); "Relation of the Natu- ral Sciences to Revelation" (1839); "Chris- tian Doctrines " (1844) ; " Intellectual Philoso- phy" (1851); "Moral Philosophy" (1856); and " The Hidden Life " (1862). WINSTON. I. A N. county of Alabama, watered by tributaries of the Black Warrior river; area, about 900 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 4,155, of whom 21 were colored. The surface is a rolling table land ; the soil is fertile. The chief productions in 1870 were 3,278 bushels of wheat, 94,165 of Indian corn, 16,157 of sweet potatoes, 205 bales of cotton, and 42,- 759 Ibs. of butter. There were 708 horses, 1,798 milch cows, 1,063 working oxen, 2,326 WINTERBERRY 673 other cattle, 3,550 sheep, and 10,985 swine. Capital, Houston. II. An E. central county of Mississippi, drained by the head streams of Pearl river; area, 720 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 8,984, of whom 3,408 were colored. The sur- face is generally undulating and the soil fertile. The chief productions in 1870 were 4,734 bush- els of wheat, 151,238 of Indian corn, 7,959 of oats, 19,100 of sweet potatoes, 38,248 Ibs. of butter, 4,937 of rice, and 1,964 bales of cot- ton. There were 975 horses, 1,986 milch cows, 3,691 other cattle, 4,218 sheep, and 10,753 swine. Capital, Louisville. WINTER, the coldest season of the year, which begins astronomically on the shortest day, Dec. 22, and ends with the vernal equi- nox, March 21. But in the United States the winter months are popularly reckoned Decem- ber, January, and February, and in England November, December, and January. The coun- tries lying in and bordering upon the torrid zone have no winter in the popular sense of the word, but in place of it a rainy season. In the southern hemisphere the winter months are June, July, and August according to the American method, which takes as the central month that in which the sun passes the sol- stice, and July, August, and September accord- ing to the English method, which reckons from the month next following that passage. WINTER, Peter von, a German composer, born in Mannheim in 1755, died in Munich, Oct. 17, 1825. At 10 years of age he became a violinist in the orchestra of the elector, and in 1776 director of the orchestra of the Ger- man opera at Mannheim. It was not until his 40th year that he produced any really effective works. He composed more than 50 operas and a great number of masses, symphonies, and miscellaneous pieces. His maturer works, in- cluding the operas Calypso, Proserpina, Zaira, Tamerlan, and Der Sdnger und der Schneider, are esteemed his best'. He was eminent as a teacher of vocal music, and his Gesangschule (Mentz, 1824) is still esteemed. WINTERBERRY. Several native deciduous shrubs, with fruit and flowers much like those of the holly, were formerly placed in the ge- nus prinos (the Greek name for the holly) ; but later botanists make them only a subgenus of the holly (ilex), from which they differ mainly in their deciduous leaves and smooth nutlets. The most common and conspicuous winter- berry (ilex verticillata) is also called black al- der. It is usually 5 or 6, rarely 10 or 12 ft. high, with oval, obovate, or wedge-lanceolate serrate leaves, downy below, but they are not (nor are the flowers) whorled, as the specific name would imply; the flowers are mostly dioecious, the staminate in small axillary clus- ters four- to six-parted, the pistillate solitary, often five- to nine-parted, and succeeded by a solitary bright scarlet berry the size of a large pea. This is common on the edges of moist grounds, where its brilliant berries in autumn and early winter make it very conspicuous;