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 WIND 657 AnmerTcungen fiber die Geschichte der Kunst (1767), and included in the Vienna edition of 1776. It has been translated into French and Italian, and into English by Giles Henry Lodge (2 vols. 4to, Boston, 1849 ; new ed. with a life of Winckelmann, 4 vols. 8vo, 1856-'72). His other works include Gedanlcen uber die Nach- ahmung der griechischen Werke in Malerei und BildhauerTcunst (Dresden and Leipsic, 1755); Description des pierres gravees du feu baron deStosch (Florence, 1760); Monumenti antichi inediti (2 vols., Rome, 1767-'8; 2d ed., 1821); and several reports on Herculaneum and oth- er sites, and minor though influential sestheti- cal essays, comprising Versuch einer Allegorie (Dresden, 1766; enlarged from manuscripts, 1866). Fernow began and Heinrich Meyer and Schultz completed an edition of all his writings (8 vols., Dresden, 1808-'20). Parts of his correspondence are contained in a re- print of this edition (1828 et seq.*), in Winckel- manri's Briefe, edited by F. Forster (2 vols., Berlin, 1824), and in other publications. Ros- setti published 11 sepolchro di Winckelmann in Trieste (Venice, 1823), relating to his grave in the cemetery adjoining the cathedral in that city, where a monument to him has been erect- ed. Forchhammer and Otto Jahn instituted Winckelmann festivals at leading German uni- versities. His birthday is annually celebrated by the archaeological institute in Eome and by archaeologists in Berlin ; and a branch of the former was on his anniversary in 1874 estab- lished at Athens. The best biography is Karl Justi's Winckelmann, sein Leben, seine Werke und seine Zeitgenossen (3 vols., 1866-'73). WIND, a sensible movement of the air with reference to the earth's surface. The hori- zontal component of this movement is usually that which is specially referred to by the term wind, but the powerful vertical movements that take place in tornadoes and other severe storms may also be included under the same heading. In general, a wind is the result of an initial, local disturbance of the density of the atmosphere, in consequence of which the air is set in motion ; its motion is then modi- fied by the resistance of the earth's surface and by the diurnal rotation of the earth about its axis, and may be propagated into regions far distant from the original seat of disturb- ance. In keeping a record of the wind ob- served at any station, it is important to note both the duration and the force or velocity ; directions should be recorded with reference to the true, not the magnetic meridian, and should be given to the nearest half point of the compass card. The force may be estima- ted and expressed in an arbitrary scale on which zero (0) denotes calm, and 10 the high winds of a destructive hurricane or tornado. Ar- bitrary scales of to 12, to 6, and to 4 are in use in various countries ; but the scale to 10 will, it is hoped, gradually supersede these. When possible, the force of the wind should be measured by an anemometer, the principal forms of which instrument are : the Robinson anemometer, measuring the velocity of the horizontal movement of the wind by the revolution of a vertical spindle to the top of which are attached four horizontal arms, each bearing at its extremity a hemispherical cup ; and Wild's tablet anemometer, consisting simply of a small plane tablet so suspended from a wind vane that its axis is always per- pendicular to the direction whence the wind blows ; this tablet hangs by a hinge, so that it is deflected from its vertical position by an angle increasing with the force of the wind, and which is measured by a scale of degrees. This latter instrument gives therefore the strength of each gust, while the Robinson ane- mometer gives the total movement of the air during any prescribed interval. The numer- ous careful investigations that have been made into the accuracy of the records of these sim- ple instruments have justified their extended adoption within the past few years. Other forms of the anemometer are described under that title. As the velocity of the wind is independent of the instrument by means of which it is measured, while the pressure of the wind varies according to the shape, &c., of the surface against which it acts, it is now customary to convert the indications of all forms of anemometers into velocities, i. ., miles per hour or metres per second. The most recent investigations bearing on this mat- ter have been published by Cavallero (Turin, 1873), Phillips (London, 1874), Hagen (Berlin, 1874), and Thiesen and Dohrandt (St. Peters- burg, 1875). The great importance of cor- rectly understanding the laws of the winds has led to the accumulation of a vast mass of observations thereon. Among the treatises containing large collections are Kamtz, Lehr- bvch der Meteorologie ; the article on wind by Muncke in Gehler's Worterbuch ; Maury, "Wind and Current' Charts;" Buys-Ballot, Windkaartjes van den noorden Atlantischen ocean; Buchan, "Distribution of Pressure and Winds;" Muhry, Allgemeine Klimatolo- gie; Hann, Untersuchungen uber die Winde; Schmid, Meteorologie ; the admiralty wind and current charts ; and above all, Coffin's "Winds of the Globe " (Washington, 1876). This lat- ter immense work is a new edition of Coffin's " Winds of the Northern Hemisphere " (Wash- ington, 1856), and embraces a collection and summary of the results of all the observations during the past 100 years. The study of so extensive a series of observations shows that some winds have a local or temporary char- acter, while others are very permanent or pre- vail over large areas. These latter movements are generally spoken of as currents, as distin- guished from the local or temporary movements which retain the designation winds. 1 . If we compute the resultant of all the motions to which the air at any place has been subjected during a year or a month, we arrive at the most general view that can be taken of the move-