Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XVI.djvu/632

 608 WHITE RIVER WHITEWOOD his headquarters at White Plains. In the mean time several skirmishes had taken place. On the 25th Howe, who had been ree'nforced, en- camped at Scarsdale, his right being about 4 m. from White Plains. On the morning of the 28th he advanced with 13,000 men, but, hesitating to attack Washington, who occupied a strong position with somewhat superior num- bers, he sent about 4,000 men to carry Chatter- ton hill, W. of the Bronx, which was held by about 1,400 Americans under McDougall. This movement was successful, McDougall being forced to retire to Washington's camp with a loss of about 80 prisoners and nearly 100 killed and wounded ; the British lost 229. Howe now waited for reenforcements to attack Washington, but on the night of the 31st the latter withdrew his army to a still stronger po- sition on high ground above White Plains. On Nov. 5 Howe broke up his encampment and moved to Dobbs Ferry, and on the 9th Wash- ington began sending part of his troops to New Jersey, following himself soon after. Lee with the residue remained some time longer E. of the Hudson. WHITE RIVER. See ARKANSAS, vol. i., p. 714. WHITE SEA (Russ. Bieloye More), a large gulf or branch of the Arctic ocean, which pene- trates far into N. W. Russia, between lat. 63 48' and 68 40' N. It is nearly semicircular ; length from N. E. to S. W. about 360 m., great- est breadth from N. W. to S. E. 280 m. At its entrance, between Kan in Nos and Sviatoi Nos, it is about 100 ra. wide. It forms four large gulfs.or bays, viz. : that of Mezen on the northeast, that of Archangel on the south, that of Onega on the southwest, and the deep inlet extending, with a mean width of 25 m., nearly 100 m. into Lapland on the northwest, called the gulf of Kandalask. Its area is estimated at 44,000 sq. m. It has numerous small isl- ands, and two of considerable size, that of Solovetz, in the Solovetzkoi group, at the en- trance of the gulf of Onega, and Morzhovetz, at the entrance of the bay of Mezen. The sea has bold and rocky shores, and deep waters, except in the gulf of Archangel. The Mo- zen, Dwina, Onega, Vyg, Kem, Kamienna, and many smaller streams flow into the White sea. Its only large port is Archangel at the mouth of the Dwina. The navigation is open for five or six months of the year. Fish are abundant. The white whale, or whitefish of the whalemen, seal, salmon, cod, herring, &c., are caught in large numbers ; and from Arch- angel and the other towns on the coast vessels are sent to Spitzbergen, Nova Zembla, and the continental coasts of the Polar sea in pursuit of whales, seals, and walruses. The White sea first became known to English navigators through Richard Chancellor, commanding a ship in the unfortunate squadron of Sir Hugh Willoughby in 1558, who landed on the shores of the gulf of Archangel. WH1TESIDES, a N. W. county of Illinois, sep- arated from Iowa by the Mississippi river and intersected by Rock river ; area, 730 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 27,503. The surface is level and diversified by prairies and woodland, and the soil is very fertile. It is intersected by the Chicago and Northwestern and the Rockford, Rock Island, and St. Louis railroads. The chief productions in 1870 were 467,719 bush- els of wheat, 31,658 of rye, 2,162,943 of In- dian corn, 880,838 of oats, 89,078 of barley, 219,476 of potatoes, 732,591 Ibs. of butter, 63,381 of cheese, 40,660 of wool, and 54,833 tons of hay. There were 14,944 horses, 13,- 129 milch cows, 22,148 other cattle, 11,168 sheep, and 37,765 swine ; 2 manufactories of agricultural implements, 21 of carriages and wagons, 10 of furniture, 2 of gloves and mit- tens, 1 of wrapping paper, 1 of woollens, 11 flour mills, 1 distillery, 2 breweries, 2 planing mills, and 6 saw mills. Capital, Morrison. WHITE si mil 11 si'lUUiS, a post village of Greenbrier co., West Virginia, on Howard's creek, and on the Chesapeake and Ohio rail- road, by which it is 227 m. W. of Richmond. It is a place of summer resort on account of its mineral spring, which yields about 30 gal- lons per minute, and has a temperature of about 62 F. The first use of the waters by the whites is said to have been in 1778. Buildings have been erected capable of receiving 1,500 guests. At distances by the roads from about 20 to 40 m. from this spring are the Red, Salt, and Blue Sulphur springs, at each of which there are accommodations for guests. WHITE SWELLING, the popular name for a chronic inflammation of the joints occurring in scrofulous subjects. The complaint appears sometimes to originate in a slight injury ; sometimes no cause can be assigned for its occurrence. The joint slowly becomes stiff and swollen ; for a long time it is painful only on being moved. The swelling is caused large- ly by the parts exterior to the joint becoming thickened and infiltrated with plastic and fatty matters. It comes on very slowly, and as it supervenes the prominences of the bones are lost, and the joint becomes rounded and has a doughy or semi-elastic feel. The appearance of the skin, which for a long time preserves its natural color, gives the disease its popular name. The swelling, considerable in itself, seems greater from the wasting of the rest of the limb. The disease has a great tendency to run on to suppuration, which takes place both within and around the joint. This is rapidly followed by hectic fever, and often by the de- velopment of tubercles in the lungs. The gen- eral treatment consists in hygienic measures, a generous diet, and the use of iron, cod-liver oil, phosphoric acid, and iodine. Locally, the chief indication is to keep the joint in a state of perfect rest, and this is best done by the use of splints or the starch bandage. When the inflammation has entirely subsided, friction and stimulating liniments may be employed. WH1TEWEED. See DAISY. WHITEWOOD. See TULIP TEEE.