Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XVI.djvu/625

 WHISTLER be given by a player as to the state of his hand, or of th game. A player who desires the cards to be placed, or win demands to see the last trick, should do it for his own infor mation only, and not in order to invite the attention of hii partner. No player should object to refer to a bystander wh< professes himself uninterested in the game, and able to decidi any disputed question of facts, as to who played any particu lar card, whether honors were claimed though not scored or vice versa, &c. It is unfair to revoke purposely ; havinj made a revoke, a player Is not justified in making a second ir order to conceal the first. Until the players have made such bets as they wish, bets should not be made with bystanders Bystanders should make no remark, neither should they by word or gesture give any intimation of the state of the gam until concluded and scored, nor should they walk round th table to look at the different hands. No one should look ove the hand of a player against whom he is betting. Dummy is played by three players. One hand, called dummy's, lies ex- posed on the table. The laws are the same as those of whist with the following exceptions : 1. Dummy deals at the com- mencement of each rubber. 2. Dummy is not liable to the penalty for a revoke, as his adversaries see his cards; shoulc he revoke and the error not be discovered until the trick is turned and quitted, it stands good. 3. Dummy being blind and deaf, his partner is not liable to any penalty for an error whence he can gain no advantage. Thus, he may expose some or all of his cards, or may declare that he has the game or trick, &c., without incurring any penalty ; if, however he lead from dummy's hand when he should lead from his own or vice versa, a suit may be called from the hand which ought to have led. Double dummy is played by two play- ers, each having a dummy or exposed hand" for his partner Th3 laws of the game do not duTer from dummy whist, ex- cept in the following special law : There is no misdeal as the deal is a disadvantage. WHISTLER, George Washington, an American engineer, born at Fort Wayne, Ind., May 19, 1800, died in St. Petersburg, April 7, 1849. He graduated at West Point in 1819, became second lieutenant of artillery, and in 1821-'2 was assistant teacher of drawing at the mili- tary academy. He was then detailed for duty on the northern boundary commission under Col. J. J. Abert, and served till 1828. In 1829 he became first lieutenant, and went to Europe in the employ of the Baltimore and Ohio rail- road company. Between 1831 and 1842 he su- perintended the construction of the Paterson and Hudson Eiver, the Boston and Providence, and the Stonington and Providence railroads, and the Western railroad through Massachu- setts. He resigned his commission in 1833. In 1842 he was invited to superintend the sys- tem of internal improvements then projected in Russia, where not only the railroads were to be constructed, but the rails and the rolling stock were to be manufactured under his super- vision. He was also appointed engineer of the naval arsenal at Cronstadt, and engaged in the construction of fortifications, docks, and bridges, and the improvement of harbors and rivers. WHISTON, William, an English clergyman, born at Norton, Leicestershire, Dec. 9, 1667, died in London, Aug. 22, 1752. He graduated at Cambridge in 1690, obtained a fellowship, took orders in 1693, and in 1694 was appointed chaplain to the bishop of Norwich. In 1696 he published his " New Theory of the Earth," in support of the Mosaic account. He was ap- pointed rector of Lowestoft in 1698, but re- turned to the university in 1701 as deputy pro- fessor of mathematics. He succeeded Newton as professor in 1703, and expounded and de- fended the Newtonian philosophy in his PTCB- lectiones Physico-MathematiccB (1710; trans- lated and published under the title " New- WHITAKER 601 ton s Mathematical Philosophy demonstrated " I7lb) He had also attained eminence as a preacher, when he adopted Arianism, rejected ^tanT 1 ^ a ' ^.^9* Portions of The bishop of _ not to fulfil the duties of the Boyle^BcturcshilT in which he was making his views public, but allowed the continuance of the salary Whis- ton resigned the lectureship, and in 1710, after several hearings before the heads of the houses was deprived of his professorship and expelled from the university. He removed to London, where he published his " Primitive Christian- ity " (5 vols., 1711-'12). For five years repeat- ed attempts were made to convict him of heresy; but he reiterated his opinions in his ' Brief History of the Revival of the Arian Heresy in England" (1711), "Athanasius convicted of Forgery" (1712), and "Three Essays" on Trinitarianism (1713). A sub- scription amounting to 470 was made for him in 1721 ; and he also derived an income from reading astronomical and philosophical lec- tures. He subsequently published " An Essay toward restoring the true Text of the Old Testament," containing translations of the passages in which the Samaritan Pentateuch differs from the Hebrew (1722); "Collection of Authentick Records belonging to the Old and New Testament " (2 vols., 1727-'8) ; " The Primitive New Testament" (1745); and "The Sacred History of the Old and New Testament " (6 vols., 1745). He finally became a Baptist, gathered a religious society at his own house, and believed that the millennium was to begin in 1766, when the Jews would be restored. His works on prophecy include an " Essay on the Revelation of St. John " (Cambridge, 1706), " The Accomplishment of Scripture Prophe- cies" (1708), and "The Literal Accomplish- ment of Scripture Prophecies" (1724). He published an autobiography (2 vols., 1749-'60), and made a translation of Josephus (fol., 1737), which, though not accurate, is still reprinted. WHITAKER, John, an English clergyman, born in Manchester about 1735, died at Ruan-Lang- horne, Cornwall, Oct. 30, 1808. He was edu- cated at Oxford, and became a fellow of Cor- pus Christi college. In 1771 he published a " History of Manchester " (enlarged eds., 2 vols., 1773, and 3 vols., 1775). In refutation of Macpherson's theory that the modern high- landers are descendants of the Caledonians of Tacitus, he wrote his "Genuine History of the Britons" (1772), maintaining that they repre- sent a subsequent Irish colonization. In 1773 be was made morning preacher at Berkeley chapel, London, but in two months was re- moved. In 1778 he became rector of Ruan- Langhorne. His works include " Sermons upon Death, Judgment, Heaven, and Hell " 8vo, 1783); "Mary, Queen of Scots, vindi- cated" (3 vols. 8vo, 1787; enlarged ed., 2 vols. 8vo, 1790); "The Origin of Arianism dis- closed" (8vo, 1791); "The Course of Hanni- >al over the Alps ascertained" (2 vols. 8vo,