Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XVI.djvu/564

 544 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES WEIL Mecklenburg. The weights and measures are the same, throughout this state, as those of Hamburg, except that the measures of capacity are those of Lubeck. (See Germany.) Mexico. The weights and measures are those of Spain, but with many local variations. The vara is 3-2-97 in. ; the fanega, 1-55 bush.; the libra, 1-0142 Ib. avotrd. Morocco. The cubit or canna is 21 in. ; the pic, 26 in. ; the commercial pound is 1-19 Ib., and the market pound 1-735 Ib. avoird. Naples. The palmo is 0-8652 ft., and the migllo 1-147 m.; the mog<rio, 0-S7 acre ; the barile (wine, &c.), 11-57 galls., and the stajo (oil), 2-616 galls. ; the tomolo, T450 bush. ; the libbra, 0-e5'J4 Ib. troy. (See Italy. ) Netherlands. The French metrical system has been in use since 1817, but with the Dutch names. Length: the denomi- nations from the millimetre to the kilometre inclusive take the names streep, duim, palm, elle, roedc, mljle; the elle = 1 m&tre. Liquid : from the centilitre to the hectolitre inclusive, the names are vingerhoed, maatje. kan, rat; the kan 1 litre. Dry: from the decilitre to the hectolitre the names are maatje, kop, schepeL mudde or zak ; the kop = 1 litre ; 80 mudde = 1 last. Weight: from the decigramme to the kilogramme the names are korrel, wigtje, lood, ons, pond ; the wigtje - 1 gramme. Norway. (See Sweden.) Metric standards now legal. Perttii. The royal guertze is 87$ in., the common, 25 in. ; the artaba, 1-N51 biish.; the rattel, 1-056S Ib. avoird. Poland. The lokiec Is 22-68 in.; the morg, 1-834 acre; the garniec, 1-057 gall.; the runt. 0-894 Ib. avoird. Portugal. Length : 12 pontos = 1 llnha; 96 Hnhas = 8 pollegadaa = 1 palmo or span = 0-7214 ft. ; and 10 palmos = 2 varas = 1 1 HMI;:I or fathom ; the milha 1 -2786 m. The geira is 1-4458 acre. Liquid: 24 quarttlbos = 6 canadas = 1 pote, cantaro, or alquelre - at Lisbon '2'K> galls., at Oporto S'818 galls. ; and 2 potes = 1 almude. Dry : 82 outavas = 4 al- quieres = 1 fanira = at Lisbon 1-535, and at Oporto 1-98T bush. ; and 15 fangas = 1 molo. Weight: 72 gr.'ios = 3 scro- pulos = 1 outava; 12Hontavas = 16oncas = 1 arratcl = T011S6 Ib. avoird. : and 12S arrateles = 4 arrobas = 1 quintal = 129-51 3 Ibs. avoird. Prunitia. Length: 1-729 scrupel = 144 Union = 12 zoll = 1 fuss = 1-0298 ft; and 12 fuss = 1 ruthe; 2.000 ruthen = 1 postmeilo. The morgcn is 0-6'il acre. Liquid : 120 ossel = 60 quartler = 2 anker = 1 vlmer = 1 S-146 galls. ; and 12 eimer = 6 ohm = 1 fuder. Dry: 64 masschen 16 metzen 4 viertel = 1 scheflel = 1-560 bush. ; and 72 scheffel = 6 matter = 1 last Weight: 12S quentcben = 82 loth = 16 nnzen = 2 mark (Cologne) 1 pfund = 1-0811 Ib. avoird. Metric sys- tem now legal and obligatory. (Sec Otrnumy.) Rome. Length (commercial) : the plo is 0-966 ft. ; the pnlmo. 0-783 ft. ; the bracclo. 2-561 ft ; the palmo for cloth is 8-847 in. Length (In architecture, Ac.) : 120 declmi = 12 once = 1 palmo 0'7325 ft; and 10 palml = 1 canna. the catena being 57J palml ; and the pie = 16 once = 0-9707 ft. Liquid: 10 quartucci 4 fogllettc = 1 boccale = 0-4S10 gall.; 82 boccall = 1 barile, and 16 barili = 1 botte. Dry : 4f quar- tnccl = 1| scorzl = 1 starello = 5222 bush. ; and 16 starelll = 4 quarto = 1 rubblo. Weight: 24 grant = 1 denaro; 24 de- nari = 1 oncla; 12 once = 1 libbra = 0-7477 Ib. (See Italy.) RuMia. Length : 16 verahoks = 1 arsbln = 2S in. ; and 1-500 arshin = 500 sazhens = 1 verst (properly vursta) = 0-6629 m. Liquid : 100 tcharkas = 1 vcdro - 8-249 galls. ; 8 vedros = 1 anker (ankerok), and 40 vedros = 1 sorokovaya. Dry: 16 garneU = 8 tchetverkas = 2 tchetverlks = 1 payak = 1-499 bush. ; and 4 payaks = 2 osmlns = 1 tchetvert. Weight : '.if. doll = 1 zolotntk = 0-1504 oz. avoird. ; 12 lanas (each 8 zolotniks). or 82 loths (each 8 zolotnlks) = 1 rant = 0-9026 Ib. avoird. ; and 1,200 rants = 80 poods = 10 berkovetz = 1 packen. Sattony. The fuss is 0-920 ft. ; the kanne is 1 -2723. and the elmer 20-089 galls.; the vicrtcl is 0-787, and the scheffel -"'4-. bush. ; the pfund = 16 unzen = 1-0309 Ib. avoird. (See Ger- many.) Siam. The ken is 8-153 ft; the sesti, } bush.; the tael 0-129, and the catty 2-5-*8 Ibs. avoird. Sicily. The palmo Is 9-58 in. ; the salma (Messina), 28-07 galls. ; the grossa. 9-90 hush. ; the libbra, 0-7 Ib.; and the rot- tolo, heavy and light 1-925 and 1-75 Ib. avoird. (See Italy.) Spain. The metric system is now the legal one. The old weights and measures. *as used in Madrid and Castile, are: Length : 144 puntos = 12 llneas = 1 pulgada = 0-927 in. ; 12 pulgadas = 2 sesmas = 1 pt6 = 0-9278 ft ; and 12 ]>: ; varas = 1 ostadal ; the palmo is 8-846 in. ; the legua = 8,000 varas = 4-2152 m. Liquid : 128 copas = 82 cuartillos = 8 azumbrcs = 1 arroba or cantaro = 4-268 galls, for wine ; for oil 1 arroba = 8-318 galls. Dry : 16 ochavillos = 4 raciones = 1 cuartillo; and 43 cuartillos = 24 medios = 12 almudes =: 1 fanega = 1-60 bush. ; and 12 fanegas = 1 cahlz = 19 20 bush. Weight: 12 granos = 1 tomln ; 43 tomlnes = 16 adarmes = 8 ochavas = 1 onza = II-IKSU Ib. ; and 16 onzas = 2 marcos 1 libra = 1-0144 Ib. avoird. Sweden and Norway. Length : 144 Hnles = 12 turns = 1 fot = 0-9742 ft. ; and 6 fots = 8 alns = 1 fainn ; 6.0JO famns = 1 mil = 6-6428 m. Liquid : 82 jnngfrus = 8 qvarters = 2 stops = 1 kanna = 0-G91 gall. ; and 48 kannas = 1 tunna = 83-17 galls. Dry : 224 orts = 56 qvarters = 14 stops = 7 kan- nas = 1 fjerdinp 0-5196 bush. ; and 8 fjerdings = 2 spanns = 1 tunna = 4-157 bush. Weight (commercial) : 128 qvlutins = 82 lods = 16 uns = 1 skalpund = 0-9876 Ib. avoird. ; and 400 skalpunds = 20 llspunds = 1 skeppund = 875*04 Ibs. The above are the old measures. The system has since been decimalized, but based upon former units ; 100 linies = 10 turns = 1 fot = 11-679 in. ; 100 fots - 10 slangs = 1 ref. In both wet and dry capacity measure the cubic turn, cubic fot, Ac., are used. In weight 100 korrs = 1 ort; 100 orts = 1 skal- pund = 0-98379 Ib. ; 100 skalpunds = 1 centner; 100 centners = 1 last. The metric system is to go into effect in 1878. Stcitterland. Prior to 1S56 almost every canton had dif- ferent measures ; the present uniform system is semi-metric, and is in general use. Length : 100 lignes = 10 pouces = 1 pled = 80 centimetres or H'8112 in. ; 10 pleds = 1 percbe; 16,000 pieds = 1 lieue = 2-988 m. Surface: the arpent, 400 pied s square = 8-558 acres. Liquid : the pot, 1-5 litre or 1-585 quart, is subdivided into J. i, i ; 100 pots = 1 muld = 4 setter. Dry: 10 euiines = 1 quateron = 15 litres or (N'J.VT bush. Weight: the livre or pfund = 500 grammes or l-lo-.':$ Ib. ; 100 llvres = 1 quintal ; 82 loth = 16 onces = 1 livre. In the German cantons the German names are used. Tripoli. The Turkish dreah or pic = 8 palml = 26-42 in. ; the less dreah = 19-03 in. The barile = 24 bozze = 17-12 galls. The ueba = 4 temcn = 16 orbahs = 8-05 bush. The okle = 1 oz. troy ; 1,600 okles = 100 rottols = 1 cantar = 109-7 Ibs. avoird. Turkey. The pic or pike Is 26-8 in. ; the almud, 1-882 gall ; the killow, 0-940 bush. Weight: 400 drains = 4 che- quees = 1 oke = 2-82S6 Ibs. avoird. ; and 45 okes = 1 kintal or cantaro = 127-8 Ibs. at Smyrna, but 140-8 Ibs. at Constan- tinople. Tuscany. The palmo is 0-9575 ft ; the braccio, 1-915 ft. ; the barile (wine) = 20 flaschi = 40 boccall = 12-Ot galls. ; tho sacoo = 8 staja = 12 quart! = 2-075 bush. ; the libbra 12 once = 96 dramtnc = 0'74>6 Ib. avoird. (See Italy) United States. for tho value of the several units of weight and measure, sec the preceding general article. Length: 6 points : 1 line; 144 Unes or 86 barleycorns = 12 inches = 1 root; 16} ft. ar.U yards = 1 rod, pole, or perch; 820 rods = SO chains = 8 furlongs = 1 mile (1,760 yds. or 5.230 ft.); 1 chain = 100 links, each of 7 '.'-' in. The nail Is 2} in. ; the palm, 8 in. ; tho hand, 4 in. ; the span, 9 in. ; tlio quarter of cloth, 9 In. ; the ell, Flemish, English, and French, respectively 8, 5, and 6 quarters ; the cubit, If ft. ; the pace, 5 ft ; the fathom, 6 ft. ; a cable's length, 120 fathoms ; a . 8 m. ; a degree of the meridian, 6J-046 m. Surt:nv : . 144 sq. in. - 1 so. ft. ; 272J sq. ft. = 80} sq. yds. = 1 sq. rod ; 160 sq. rods = 4 roods = 1 sq. acre; 640 sq. acres = 1 sq. mile. Also, 160 sq rods = 10 chains = 1 sq. acre. Solid or cubic measure: 1,728 solid Inches = 1 solid foot; 27 solid fret = 1 solid yard ; 40 ft. of round timber, or 50 ft. of hewn = 1 ton or load; 128 solid feet = 1 cord (of wood). Liquid. 1. Wine measure: 82 gills = 8 pints = 4 quarts = 1 gallon ; 08 gallons = 2 barrels = 1 hogshead; and 4 hogsheads 2 pipes = 1 tun. 2. Beer measure: 8 pints = 4 quarts = 1 gallon; 86 gallons = 1 barrel ; 54 gallons = 1 hogshead. Dry : 64 pints = 82 quarts 4 pecks = 1 bushel ; and 36 bushels = 1 chaldron. Weight 1. Avoirdupois: 7,000 grains = 256 drams = 16 ounces 1 pound ; 112 Ibs. = 4 quarters = 1 hundred weight ; and 20 hundred weight = 1 ton. The hundred weight of 100 Ibs. is coming Into more general use. 2. Troy: 24 grains = 1 pennyweight; ami 240 dwt. = 12 ounces = 1 pound troy, of 6,760 grains ; this is tho mint weight. 8. Apothecaries' : 480 grains = 24 scruples = 8 drams = 1 ounce; and 12 ounces = 1 pound. Tho pound and ounce in this weight are the same as In troy weight. Venttia. the decimal system, introduced In 1808, the metro or bracclo = 10 palmi = 100 dill = the French metre, and 1,000 metri = 1 mlglio; the soma=10 mine = 2-7512 bush. ; the libbra mctrlca = 10 once = 100 gross! = 1,000 denari = 2-2046 Ibs. avoird. Wett Indies. In those now or originally belonging to England, France, Holland, and Denmark, respectively, the British, French, Dutch, and Danish systems chiefly prevail. Spanish measures are partly in use In Trinidad, however; the Spanish vara in Curacoa ; and in some of the Danish Isles the British yard and the old French aune = 46-85 in. WEIL, GusUY, a German orientalist of Jew- ish parentage, born at Sulzburg, Baden, April 24, 1808. After studying Hebrew theology he devoted himself to oriental literature, and in 1830 went to Cairo, where he remained five years, studying under Arabian, Persian, and Turkish teachers. In 1845 he became extra- ordinary and in 1861 ordinary professor of