Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XVI.djvu/538

 518 WAY WAYNE ish, in racemes terminating the branches ; the five-parted calyx is bell-shaped ; the five petals toothed on the margins, and five stamens in- serted on the edge of a disk which lines the calyx tube; ovary three-celled, with united styles, and a three-lobed stigma; the fruit is a globular three-celled pod, which when quite ripe opens by three valves, exposing the seeds, which are enveloped in a pulpy aril. The fruit is very showy ; the pods, about the size of a large pea, are of a rich orange color, and are still more attractive when they open and expose the sinning crimson mass which envel- opes the seeds within. This is a fine orna- mental climber, and is often cultivated ; it cov- ers a trellis or the supports to a veranda with a dense mass of shining green foliage, which turns yellow in autumn, and later its clusters of orange and crimson berries produce a bril- liant effect. The vine should not be allowed to run upon valuable trees, as it clings around Waxwork (Celaatrua scandena). their trunks and branches so firmly as to stop their growth. The fruit is much used for decorative purposes, to work in with ever- greens for Christmas designs, and to make up with autumn leaves into winter bouquets. The bark is used by botanic physicians as an emetic and diaphoretic, and they regard it as useful in chronic diseases of the liver ; it is said to possess narcotic properties. WAT, Right of. See REALTY. WAYLAND, Frauds, an American clergyman, born in New York, March 11, 1796, died in Providence, R. I., Sept. 26, 1865. His parents were natives of Great Britain, and his father was a clergyman. Ho graduated at Union col- lege in 1813, studied medicine, and was licensed to practise. In 1816 he joined the Baptist church in Troy, and soon after entered the An- dover theological seminary. He was a tutor in Union college from 1817 to 1821, when he became pastor of the first Baptist church in Boston. In September, 1826, he was chosen professor of mathematics and natural history in Union college, and in December president of Brown university, Providence, R. I. ; and he en- tered upon the duties of the latter office in Feb- ruary, 1827. In 1842 he published " Thoughts on the Collegiate System of the United States," in which he maintained that the study of the classics should be made optional to those desi- ring an education for other than professional purposes, and those who chose to take only a practical course should be allowed college hon- ors expressive of their attainments. In 1849 the university was reorganized on the plan thus indicated. He retired in 1855, and acted for two or three years as pastor of the first Baptist church in Providence. His other works include "Elements of Moral Science" (Boston, 1835; abridged for the use of schools, 1836); "Ele- ments of Political Economy" (1837); "Limi- tations of Human Reason" (1840); "Life of Rev. Adoniram Judson, D. D. " (2 vols., 1853) ; " Intellectual Philosophy " (1854) ; " Notes on the Principles and Practices of Baptists " (New York, 1856); and "Letters on the Ministry" (1863). "Christianity and Slavery" (New York, 1845) is a controversy on slavery be- tween Dr. Wayland and Dr. Richard Fuller, in which the former maintains decided anti- slavery views. WAYNE, the name of 15 counties in the United States. I. A N. W. county of New York, bor- dering on Lake Ontario, and intersected by Clyde river; area, 572 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 47,710 ; in 1875, 49,882. The surface is undu- lating and the soil fertile. Iron ore, water limestone, and gypsum abound, and there are salt and sulphur springs. It is traversed by the New York Central railroad and the Erie canal, also by the Lake Ontario Shore and Sodus and Southern railroads. The chief productions in 1870 were 476,848 bushels of wheat, 685,309 of Indian corn, 924,719 of oats, 408,962 of bar- ley, 429,791 of potatoes, 1,615,325 Ibs. of but- ter, 136,186 of cheese, 299,907 of wool, 25,850 of tobacco, and 63,616 tons of hay. This county ranks first in peppermint culture in the United States. There were 13,284 horses, 16,208 milch cows, 12,039 other cattle, 53,942 sheep, and 14,127 swine. The whole number of man- ufactories was 588; capital invested, $1,869,- 868 ; value of products, $3,451,834. The prin- cipal establishments were 22 manufactories of agricultural implements, 41 of carriages and wagons, 10 of cheese, 35 of cooperage, 1 of glassware, 16 of iron castings, 3 of machinery, 9 of malt, 57 of essences, 17 flour mills, 10 tan- neries, 10 currying establishments, 5 planing mills, and 25 saw mills. Capital, Lyons. II. A N. E. county of Pennsylvania, bordering on New York, bounded E. by the Delaware river, and drained by Lackawaxen and other creeks ; area, 720 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870,33,188. The surface is mostly hilly, and in the W. part some- what mountainous. Iron ore is found. It is intersected by the Delaware and Hudson canal,