Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XVI.djvu/471

 WAREHOUSEMAN Cambridge divinity school in 1819. From 1821 to 1836 he was pastor of the first Con- gregational church of New York, and in 1837 was called to the second Congregational church in Waltham, Mass. In 1848-'9 he travelled in Europe. For several years he edited the " Christian Examiner," and he wrote vivid representations of ancient life and manners en- titled "Letters from Palmyra" (2 vols., New York, 1837 ; later known under the title " Ze- nobia"), "Probus" (2 vols., 1838; afterward entitled "Aurelian"), and "Julian, or Scenes in Judea" (2 vols., 1841). He also published "Sketches [afterward Pictures] of European Capitals " (Boston, 1851), and after his death appeared his "Lectures on the Works and Genius of Washington Allston " (1852). WAREHOUSEMAN, in law, one who receives goods of any kind for tho mere purpose of storage. He is a bailee, and, his contract with the owner being one for their mutual benefit, is held only to ordinary care and dili- gence; and if loss or injury happen to the goods, he is not responsible without the ab- sence of this care or diligence on his part, un- less he expressly assumes a greater responsi- bility. There is nothing, however, to prevent warehousemen from receiving goods on any terms or contract they see fit to make with the owner. Persons may become warehousemen, and subject only to the law of that relation, whose general position is quite different. For- warding merchants in the United States are generally regarded as warehousemen, unless they take upon themselves the duty and the responsibility of common carriers, which they do when they begin to act in that character. As regards those whose business is that of common carriers, as railroad companies or ex- pressmen, many questions remain to be set- tled. If they receive goods to be carried at some future time when direction to that effect shall be given by the owner, they are in the mean time to be regarded as warehousemen only ; but if they receive them to be sent for- ward immediately, they are at once under the responsibility of common carriers. On the other hand, if they have transported goods to their place of destination and hold them for delivery when called for, some courts hold that they are now in law only warehousemen, while others hold that their responsibility as carriers continues until the consignee has been notified and has had reasonable time and oppor- tunity to take the goods away. The question has often become of great practical importance where railroad warehouses have been acci- dentally destroyed. If the carrier is himself to deliver the goods, his responsibility as such continues until delivery. A warehouseman has a lien on goods in his care for their storage, but not for the storage of other goods, or for any general balance of accounts. WARFIELD, Catharine Anne (WARE), an Amer- ican authoress, born in Washington, Miss., in 1817. She was educated in Philadelphia, and WARMING AND VENTILATION 451 in 1833 married Elisha Warfield of Lexington, Ky. With her sister, Mrs. Eleanor Lee (who died in 1850), she published "The Wife of Leon, and other Poems" (New York, 1843), and " The Indian Chamber, and other Poems " (1846), under the nom de plume of "Two Sis- ters of the West." Mrs. Warfield has since published "The Household of Bouverie" (2 vols., 1860; new ed., 1875); "Romance of Beauseincourt " (1867); "Romance of the Green Seal" (1867); "Miriam Monfort " (1873); "A Double Wedding " (1875); and "Hester Howard's Temptation" (1875). WARMING AND VENTILATION. The principles upon which these arts depend are so mutually involved that it is necessary to consider them together. Much information upon the general subject will be found under the heads ATMOS- PHERE, FUEL, HEAT, LUNGS, OXYGEN, and RES- PIRATION. While the human body requires to be kept at a temperature of 98 in order to sustain the life processes, it loses heat in a colder medium, like any other kind of matter. This heat is economized by clothing, and by the supply of warmth from external sources. Apartments lose their heat at a rate propor- tional to the excess of their temperature above the outward atmosphere and the imperfection of the barriers to its escape. Much heat is lost through the thin glass windows. Three fourths of the heat which escapes through the glass would be saved by double windows, whether of two sashes or of double panes only half an inch apart in the same sash. Heat is also lost through walls, floors, and ceilings, at a rate proportional to the conduct- ing power of the materials of which they are composed. Much heat is conveyed away by the currents necessary to maintain combus- tion ; much by the leakage of warm air through various fissures and openings ; and where ven- tilation is attended to, there is further loss by the outflowing currents of vitiated air. To renew this constantly disappearing heat is the object of contrivances for warming. The ne- cessity of ventilation results from the vital importance of having pure air to breathe. But as impure air does not affect the senses so directly as a falling temperature, more pre- caution is needful to guard against it. Pure air contains on an average about 21 per cent, of oxygen, the vital element of respiration, and about one volume in 2,500 or -4 per 1,000 of carbonic acid, a narcotic poison. The air is vitiated in breathing by a double process, the withdrawal of oxygen and the exhalation of carbonic acid. Various causes conspire to de- teriorate the air in close inhabited apartments. A person robs of all its oxygen nearly 4 cub. ft. of air per hour, and diminishes its natural quantity 5 per cent, in 80 cub. ft. per hour. The quantity of carbonic acid in the expired breath is 100 times greater than in the natural atmosphere, A person by breathing adds 1 per cent, of carbonic acid to 55 cub. ft. in an hour, or would vitiate to this extent nearly 1