Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XVI.djvu/441

 WAKE erable trade in wine. Waitzen is one of the earliest Magyar settlements. The Turks were defeated here in 1597, and decisively in 1684 by Charles of Lorraine, who took the town. Gorgey defeated the Austrians at Waitzen on April 10, 1849, and had a bloody conflict here with the Russians under Paskevitch on July 15. WAKE (Anglo-Sax, wcec), a holiday festival once universally celebrated in the country parishes of England. Wakes originated at the period of the conversion of the Saxons to Christianity, and were established to com- memorate the birthday of the saint to whom a particular church was dedicated, and the anni- versary of the dedication. As the ecclesiasti- cal day was then reckoned from sunset to sun- set, the festival began on the evening previous to the day itsejf, and during the night the peo- ple customarily performed their devotions in the churches, whence the name wake. Wakes gradually became the occasions of boisterous and even licentious merrymakings ; and where the saint was of high repute, the inhabitants of neighboring parishes flocked in large num- bers to his annual festival. In 1536 Henry VIII. by an act of convocation ordered the festival of the saint's day to be discontinued, and that of the dedication of the church to be celebrated in all the parishes on the first Sun- day of October. This gradually fell into de- suetude, the saint's day being the more popu- lar festival, and the latter still subsists in the form of a village wake. In Ireland, upon the death of one in humble circumstances, the body, laid out and covered with a sheet, ex- cept the face, and surrounded by lighted ta- pers, is "waked" by the friends and neigh- bors. After vociferous lamentations, food and whiskey are indulged in, commonly leading to noisy and even riotous demonstrations. All the efforts of the Roman Catholic clergy to- ward the suppression of this pernicious cus- tom have proved unavailing. WAKE, a central county of North Carolina, drained by the Neuse and Little rivers ; area, 1,010 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 35,617, of whom 16,184 were colored. The surface is hilly and the soil fertile. Granite and plumbago are found. It is intersected by the North Caro- lina, the Raleigh and Gaston, and the Raleigh and Augusta railroads. The chief productions in 1870 were 60,596 bushels of wheat, 379,- 363 of Indian corn, 80,804 of oats, 12,204 of peas and beans, 10,365 of Irish and 99,976 of sweet potatoes, 136,857 Ibs. of butter, 11,- 371 of wool, 96,874 of tobacco, 6,933 of rice, and 7,015 bales of cotton. There were 2,108 horses, 1,596 mules and asses, 9,544 cattle, 6,758 sheep, and 23,468 swine; 5 manufacto- ries of carriages and wagons, 1 of cars, 6 of iron castings, 2 of machinery, 1 of paper, 11 flour mills, and 8 saw mills. Capital, Raleigh, also the capital of the state. WAKE, William, an English prelate, born in Blandford, Dorsetshire, in 1657, died at Lam- beth, Jan. 24, 1737. He was educated at Ox- WAKEFIELD 421 ford, became preacher to the society of Gray's Inn, and published in 1686 an " Exposition of the Doctrine of the Church of England," in answer to Bossuet's "Exposition of the Ro- man Catholic Faith." In 1689 he was made canon of Christ church, Oxford, in 1693 rec- tor of St. James's, Westminster, and published "An English Version of the Genuine Epistles of the Apostolical Fathers" (new ed., 1860). On the controversy in regard to the convoca- tion he published tracts in 1697 and 1698, and in 1703 a folio volume on " The State of the Church and Clergy in England." In 1701 he became dean of Exeter, in 1705 bishop of Lin- coln, and in 1716 archbishop of Canterbury. Among his other works are " Preparation for Death," " The Authority of Christian Princes over their Ecclesiastical Synods asserted," and several volumes of sermons and charges. WAKEFIELD, Gilbert, an English theologian, born in Nottingham, Feb. 22, 1756, died in London, Sept. 9, 1801. He graduated at Cam- bridge in 1776, obtained a fellowship, and in the same year published a volume of Latin poems. In 1778 he was ordained deacon, though he signed the articles with reluctance, and was appointed to a curacy in Stockport, and soon after in Liverpool. He vacated his fellow- ship by marriage in 1779, became in the same year classical master of a dissenting academy at Warrington, and published a series of writings involving attacks upon the doctrines of the established church. He made himself familiar with the Hebrew, Syriac, Chaldee, Samaritan, and other languages, and published in 1781 "A New Translation of the First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Thessalonians," " A Plain and Short Account of the Nature of Baptism," and an " Essay on Inspiration," and in 1782 " A New Translation of the Gospel of St. Matthew." After the dissolution of the academy of Warrington in 1783, he lived suc- cessively at Bramcote, Richmond, and Not- tingham; published in 1784 the first volume of "An Inquiry into the Opinions of the Christian Writers of the three first Centuries concerning the Person of Jesus Christ;" and preached occasionally, till in 1786 he left the church and became its open assailant. He re- sided six years at Nottingham, instructing a few pupils, and producing among other works "Remarks on Dr. Horsley's Ordination Ser- mon " (1788) ; " Four Marks of Antichrist " (1788) ; " A New Translation of those parts of the New Testament which are wrongly trans- lated in our Common Version" (1789) ; " Re- marks on the Internal Evidence of the Chris- tian Religion" (1789); Sika Critica (1st part, 1789; 4 other parts, 1790-'95), intended for the illustration of the Scriptures from the Greek and Roman writers; and "Cursory Re- flections on the Corporation and Test Acts" (1790). In 1790 he was called to the classical professorship in the dissenting academy at Hackney, but resigned it in the following year. His subsequent works include a " Translation