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 VLADIMIR THE GREAT ers of saints for the village churches and peas- antry. Other important centres of industry are Pistiaki, Shuyah, Pereslavl, and Alexan- drov. Suzdal was in the llth and 12th cen- turies the capital of a Russian principality, and Murom is next in importance to the capi- tal. II. A city, capital of the government, in the district of Suzdal, on the Kliasma, 120 m. E. N. E. of Moscow; pop. in 1867", 15,478. The walls of the kremlin are in decay, and only the cathedral and the church of Maria retain vestiges of the splendor which distin- guished this city during its metropolitan era, as the residence of grand dukes from the mid- dle of the 12th till early in the 14th century. It has more than 25 churches, a priests' semi- nary, a gymnasium, and other schools, and about 20 large manufactories. Trade and industry have greatly increased through the railway traffic with Moscow, Nizhni-Novgorod, and other parts of the empire. VLADIMIR THE GREAT. See RUSSIA. LIESSLGEN, or Ylissiugen. See FLUSHING. VODENA. See EDESSA, II. YOGEL, Ednard, a German traveller, born in Crefeld, Prussia, March 7, 1829, murdered in Africa in 1856. He was the son of the Sax- on educator Johann Karl Vogel (1795-1862), studied astronomy at Berlin under Encke, and was attached for two years to Bishop's obser- vatory at Regent's park, London, where he aided Hind in his discoveries. In 1852 he vol- unteered his services as assistant of Barth, and left London, accompanied by two volunteers from the corps of sappers and miners, in Feb- ruary, 1853, taking with him a full supply of instruments. He reached Moorzook in Fezzan in August, 1853, visited Lake Tchad and pro- ceeded to Kuka, and on Dec. 1, 1854, met Barth at Boondi, 230 m. W. of Kuka. He subse- quently visited Yakoba, crossed the Tchadda in April, 1855, and penetrated into the king- dom of Waday, where he was detained for some time, and finally beheaded. In the belief that he might still be alive several expeditions were undertaken in search of him, the most note- worthy of which was that of Von Heuglin in 1860. Some of the travellers perished in the attempt. See Erinnerungen an einen Verschol- lenen (Leipsic, 1863), by his sister Elise Polko the novelist. (See POLKO, ELISE.) VOGT, Karl, a German naturalist, born in Giessen, July 5, 1817, where his father, a well known author of valuable medical works, was a professor in the university. He studied medi- cine, and in 1839 went to Neufchatel, where he spent five years in studying natural history with Agassiz and Desor. Of the Histoire na- turelle des poissons d*eau douce, published by Agassiz, Vogt claims to have written the first volume and most of the second. He wrote Im Gebirge und avf den Gletschern (1843); Physiologische Brief e (1845); Lehrbuch der Geologie und PetrifactenJcunde (1846; 3d ed., 1868-'72); Naturliche Geschichte der Schopfung des Weltalls (1851); and Zoologische Briefe VOICE 397 (1851). In 1847 he became extraordinary pro- fessor of natural history at Giessen. In 1848 he engaged with great ardor in the revolu- tionary agitation which pervaded Germany, was a democratic member of the Frankfort parliament, and lost his professorship and was obliged to leave Germany. Since then he has lived mostly at Bern and Nice. In 1852 he was appointed professor of geology at Geneva, and in 1853 at Bern. In 1856 Prince Napoleon invited him to join his expedition in the north- ern Atlantic. Among his works, that which has excited the most attention is Rdhlerglaule und Wissenschaft (1855), which has been wide- ly attacked as atheistic. He has since pub- lished Studien eur gegemcdrtigen Lage Europas (1859); Die Mnstliche Fischzucht (1859; 2d ed., 1875); Grundriss der Geologie (1860); Untersuchungen iiber die Absonderungen des Harnstoffs (1861) ; NordfaJirt entlang der nor- wegischen Kmte nach dem Nord-Cap (1863); Vorlesungen uber den Menschen, seine Stellung in der Schopfung und in der Geschiehte der Erde (1863) ; Vorlesungen iiber nutzliche und schadliche, verlcannte und verlaumdete Thiere (1864); Ueber die Milcrocephalen oder Affen- menschen (1866) ; Seeks Vorlesungen uber die Darwirfsche Theorie (1868) ; and Politische Briefe an F. Eolb (1870). VOGUE, diaries Jean Moldiior de, count, a French arch^ologist, born about 1825. He early explored the East, and published Lea eglises de la Terre-Sainte (1859), Le temple de Jerusalem (1864-'5), and L? architecture chile et religieuse du I e an VIP siecle dans la Syrie centrale (in 28 numbers, 1865-'8). In 1868 he succeeded the duke de Luynes in the academy of inscriptions and belles-lettres. On Feb. 8, 1871, he was elected to the national assembly for the department of Cher; and on May 22 he was accredited as ambassador at Constan- tinople, whence in June, 1875, he was trans- ferred to Vienna. VOICE, the sound produced in the larynx by the vibration of the column of air passing through the rima glottidis. The rima glot- tidis is the narrow elongated slit or chink sit- uated in the larynx and forming the entrance to the trachea and the lungs. Its boundaries on either side are formed posteriorly by the movable arytenoid cartilages, and in its mid- dle and anterior portions by the so-called "vocal chords," two nearly parallel bands of elastic tissue, the anterior extremities of which are attached side by side to the inner surface of the thyroid cartilage, their posterior ex- tremities being attached to the points of the arytenoid cartilage. As the anterior extrem- ities of these bands therefore are fixed in po- sition, while their posterior portions are capa- ble of being separated from or approximated to each other, according to the movements of the arytenoid cartilages, the rima glottidis may thus change alternately its form and size; being expanded into a comparatively wide tri- angular opening when the arytenoid cartilages