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 394: VITELLUS VIVISECTION diers marched into Italy under Valens and Cae- cina, and near Bedriacum, in Cisalpine Gaul, completely defeated Otho, who killed himself. Most of the armies of the empire now ac- knowledged Vitellius, and he marched to Rome. But the eastern armies proclaimed Vespasian emperor; and Antonius Primus, acknowledg- ing the latter, marched with the legions of Illyricum into Italy, and, after defeating the armies of Vitellius, reached Rome. The empe- ror was dragged through the streets and killed. VITELLl S. See EMBRYOLOGY, vol. vi., p. 561. VITERBO, a town of central Italy, at the foot of Monte Cimino, an extinct volcano, in the province and 40 m. N. W. of the city of Rome ; pop. in 1872, 20,637. It is surrounded by walls and towers, and contains a Gothic cathedral standing on the site of a temple of Ilercules, and many other interesting churches and pal- aces. There are Etruscan antiquities, warm sulphur springs within 2 m. of the town, and sulphur refineries. Early Italian writers called it the city of beautiful fountains and women. Viterbo is supposed to occupy the site of the ancient Fanum Voltumnoe, where the Etruscan league held its assemblies. The present town dates from the 8th century. In the llth cen- tury it was granted to the pope as part of the territory known as the patrimony of St. Peter. It was the capital of a papal delegation till 1870, when it was incorporated with the king- dom of Italy. VITORIA, a town of Spain, capital of the Basque province of Alava, 29 ra. 8. S. E. of Bilbao; pop. about 19,000. The older parts are poorly built and dilapidated, but the new town has fine streets and squares. It has manufactures of stained paper, hats, brushes, combs, carriages, leather, mirrors, and articles in iron and copper. Its trade has declined since the removal of the custom house to the frontier. It probably existed under the Ro- mans, and received its present name from San- cho the Wise of Navarre in commemoration of a victory over the Moors about 1180. On June 21, 1813, Wellington defeated here the French under Joseph Bonaparte and Jourdan, capturing 150 guns and $5,000,000 worth of plunder, the booty of the five years' occupa- tion of the peninsula. VITRIOL, Bine. See COPPER, vol. v., p. 319. VITRIOL, Oil of. See SULPHURIC ACID. V1TRUVIIS POLL10, BUreu, a Roman archi- tect, of whom it is only known that he prob- ably served as a military engineer under Csesar and Augustus. His treatise De Architectum is a compendium of the works of Greek writers, with much of his own knowledge and experi- ence. Tho first edition was printed at Rome about 1486, and it has been many times edited and reprinted ; the latest editions are those of J. G. Schneider (3 vols. 8vo, Leipsic, 1807-'8), Stratico (4 vols., Udine, 1825-'30), Marini (4 vols. fol., Rome, 1836), and Rose and Mttller- Strtibing (Leipsic, 1867). There are English translations by Robert Castell (2 vols. fol., London, 1730) ; by W. Newton, with notes and plates (2 vols. fol., 1771-'91); by W. Wilkins (4to, 1812); and by Joseph Gwilt (8vo, 1826). YIVES, Juiin Lois, a Spanish scholar, born in Valencia in March, 1492, died in Bruges, Flan- ders, May 6, 1540. He studied in Paris and at the university of Louvain, where he early be- came professor of belles-lettres. In 1522 he published his commentaries on Augustine's De Cititate Dei, and dedicated it to Henry VIII., who thereupon invited him to England, and made him the tutor of his daughter Mary, and subsequently professor at Oxford. He was im- prisoned for opposing the divorce of Catharine of Aragon, and on his release settled at Bruges. Budseus, Erasmus, and Vives were called the triumvirs of the republic of letters of the 16th century. His works were collected at Basel (2 yols. fol., 1555) and Valencia (8 vols. fol., 1782-'90). Among the most important are: De Corrupt i Artibus ; DeReligione; commen- taries on the " Dream of Scipio " and the " Bu- colics " of Virgil ; and several educational works. His commentary on the " City of God " was placed on the Index because he had given a place in heaven to Numa, Camillus, Cato, Seneca, and other heathens. IMAM, Yinetnzo, an Italian mathematician, born in Florence, April 5, 1622, died there, Sept. 22, 1703. He was a pupil of Galileo, then old, blind, and under the ban of the in- quisition ; and for three years he and Torricelli nursed him, until his death (Jan. 8, 1642). Subsequently he continued to study under the latter. He was admitted to the principal Flor- entine academies. From 1699 he was a mem- ber of the French academy and in the enjoy- ment of a considerable pension from Louis XIV., which ho appropriated to a building in commemoration of Galileo ; and in all his works he added to his name "pupil of Galileo." IIo published numerous mathematical Avorks, but is best known by his restoration of the trea- tise of A rist mis De Locis Solidis, and of the fifth book of Apollonius of Perga on the conic sections; the latter was entitled Dltinatio in 1 1 it i /it inn Conicorum Apollonii Pergcei (1659), and the former Divinatio in Aristceum (1701). VIVISECTION, (Lat. r />'/., alive, and sectio, a cutting), a term used to designate cutting operations performed on living animals for the purpose of acquiring physiological and surgi- cal knowledge, and sometimes also applied to operations in which cutting is not employed. Tho practice of vivisection dates back to very early periods, and was known in the Alexan- drian school. Among the earlier operations which led to positive physiological knowledge may be cited those of Galen, who demonstrated the existence of blood in the arteries by pass- ing two ligatures around an artery in the liv- ing animal ; but he formed no conception of the manner of communication between the arteries and the veins, and believed that the septum between the ventricles of the heart was perforated by small orifices. Harvey was