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 VIKEO which science he may be considered the found- er ; but more recently he has turned his at- tention to anthropological and archfflological studies, and distinguished himself as an inves- tigator of the lacustrine habitations and other prehistoric settlements in Germany, and by his researches on the anatomy of the brain. In 1871 he engaged in an interesting contest with the French ethnologist Quatrefages, who main- tained in his work on La race prussienne that the Prussians proper are of Finnic descent. Virchow founded in conjunction with Rein- hardt the Archw fur pathologische Anatomie und PJiysiologie undfiir Tclinische Medicin, and he has been sole or joint editor of various sci- entific publications. His principal works are : Handbuch der speciellen Pathologic und Thera- pie (3 vols., 1854-'62); Untersuchungen uber die Entwickelung des Schadelgrundes (1857) ; Die Cellularpathologie in Hirer Begrundung auf physiologische und pathologische Gewebe- lehre (1858 ; 4th ed., 1871) ; Ueber die Natur der constitutionell - syphilitischen Affectionen (1859) ; Goethe ah Naturforscher (1861) ; Vor- lesungen uber Pathologie (4 vols., 1862-'7) ; Dar- stellung von der Lehre der Trwhinen (1865) ; Der erste Sanitatszug des Berliner Hulfsvereins (1870) ; Ueber Lazarethe und Baraclcen (1871) ; Die Aufgabe der Naturwissenschaften im na- tionalen Leben Deutschlands (1871) ; and Die altnordischen Schadel zu Kopenhagen (1871). Y IREO, or Greenlet, a common name of a fam- ily of American insectivorous birds, coming' near the shrikes in the form of the bill and in some of their habits. The general plumage is more or less tinted with green and olive. In the typical genus vireo (Vieill., since sub- divided by Prince Bonaparte into mreosylvia and mreolanius or lanivired), the bill is short and strong, nearly straight, notched and hooked at the tip, with a few weak bristles at the gape ; wings long and pointed ; toes moderate, VIREY 369 Red-eyed Vireo (Vlreo olivaceus). the lateral ones partly united to the middle at the base, and capable of holding their insect prey as in the shrikes ; tail moderate and even. There are about 20 species, all small, migra- ting from South America and the West Indies to the United States, arriving here about May, breeding in summer, and returning in autumn ; many are sweet singers. They are very ac- tive, feeding on insects and their larva?, which they take on trees or on the wing, and some- times on berries ; the nest is made in trees and bushes, of dried leaves, grasses, roots, moss, and lichens, and is generally pendulous ; they exhibit great jealousy of any intruder on their retreats, and scold and chatter in a most ex- traordinary manner; most have two broods in a season, with four or five eggs, white with brown or black spots; their nests are often selected by the cowpen bird for the reception of its parasite eggs. The red-eyed vireo (V. olivaceus, Vieill.), the type of mreosylvia, is 6 in. long and 10^ in. in alar extent ; the up- per parts and tail are bright olivaceous green ; crown ashy, bordered on each side by a dusky line within a white superciliary one ; nearly pure white below, under tail coverts with a faint sulphur tinge ; iris red. It is found from the eastern United States to the Mis- souri, S. to Texas and Central America, and N. to Greenland. The nest is very neatly made, suspended from twigs 4 or 5 ft. from the ground ; besides the usual materials, it in- cludes bits of hornets' nests, flax, and paper, glued together, according to Wilson, by the silk of caterpillars and the bird's saliva ; it is so durable that other birds, like the yellow bird, have been known to build in the prece- ding year's nest ; even mice have sometimes occupied it after the bird has left it. 'A more southern species, much resembling this, the V. larbatulus (Baird), is popularly called " Whip- Tom-Kelly," from a fancied resemblance of its notes to those words; Mr. Gosse thinks they resemble more " John-to-whit," and Dr. Bryant adds to the former the syllables " pheuu, wheuu," much prolonged. The white-eyed vireo (V. Noveboracensis, Bonap.) is about 5 in. long and 8 in. in alar extent ; it is olive- green above and white below ; ring around eyes, extending to bill, greenish yellow ; two bands on wings and edge of inner seconda- ries white ; sides of head and breast strongly tinged with yellow; iris white. It is fotind in about the same extent as the preceding, but not so far north ; it so often introduces frag- ments of newspapers into its nest, that it goes in some places by the name of the politician. The solitary vireo ( V. [lanivireo} solitarius, Baird) is 5 in. long and 9 in. in extent of wings ; head and neck above dark bluish ash, rest of upper parts olive-green; white ring around eyes, extending interruptedly to bill ; lower parts, two bands on wings, and edge of secondaries white ; under wings greenish yel- low. It is found in the United States from the Atlantic to the northern Pacific. VIREY, Jnllen Joseph, a French physician, born at Ilortes, Champagne, in November, 1775, died in Paris, March 29, 1846. He was edu- cated at Langres, and studied in the hospital