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 360 VINEIS out, under these conditions, any attempts to reproduce itself by spores. The " mother " of vinegar found in old vinegar barrels is a form of this mycelium, and it is now considered that the yeast plant, formerly regarded as an alga, is a form of the same, with differently shaped and detached cells. (See FERMENTA- TION, and FUNGI.) Mycelia appear in various saline solutions and favor their decomposition, as in some pharmaceutical preparations; in the solutions of sulphate of copper in electro- typing establishments one appears often to an annoying extent ; most, if not all, of these are supposed to be modified forms of the mycelium more highly developed in the vinegar plant. VIVKIS, Petrus dr, or Pletro dellf Ylgne, an Ita- lian jurist, born in Capua, committed suicide in Pisa in 1249. He was educated at Bologna, and became known by accident to the emperor Frederick II., who raised him from one office to another, and at last made him his chancel- lor. In this capacity he defended his master both in writing and orally against Popes Greg- ory IX. and Innocent IV. He was probably present in 1245 at the council of Lyons, before which Frederick was cited, but seems to have been silent ; and it was surmised that he had betrayed the emperor's interests. The popular story of his time was that he was accused of attempting to poison his master, and was led on an ass through the streets of IMsa and cast into prison, where he dashed his brains out against the wall. His extant writings are De Potestate Imperials, and six books of letters on the acts of Frederick II., in bad Latin, but of much historical importance. Besides these, a sonnet and two canzone by him are among the earliest specimens of Italian literature. VI KM> 0. a post village of Cumberland <<>.. New Jersey, on the West Jersey and New Jer- sey Southern railroads, 34 m. S. of Philadelphia and 115 m. S. S. W. of New York; pop. in 1875, about 2,300. It is regularly laid out on a plot a mile square. The principal avenues are 100 ft. wide, the others 60 ft., and all are bordered with double rows of shade trees. The dwellings are handsome, and are surrounded by flower gardens, vineyards, and orchards. Many of the stores are of brick. The bank building and the new hotel are line structures. There are several commodious public halls, the largest accommodating 1,000 persons. The making of shoes, the chief branch of manu- facture, employs eight establishments. There are five schools, two daily and four weekly newspapers, two monthly periodicals, and eight churches. The village is situated in a tract of 48 sq. m. purchased by Charles K. Landis in 1861, when it contained about 25 inhabi- tants. The whole tract is laid out similarly to the village, and is divided into fruit farms of from 5 to 25 acres each. It lies chiefly in the township of Landis, Cumberland co., but extends into Buena Vista, Atlantic co., and Franklin, Gloucester co. Besides Vineland it contains four post villages, viz. : Forest Grove, VINTON Landisville, North Vineland, and South Vine- land. The population in 1870 was 7,079, and in 1875 about 10,500. There are 18 school houses, with about 1,000 pupils, and 12 church- es. The climate is mild and healthful. Poul- try raising is extensively carried on, and con- siderable wine is made, but fruit raising is the chief business. Large quantities of straw IHT- ries, raspberries, blackberries, peaches, pears, and grapes are sold. The sale of intoxicating liquors is prohibited by vote of the people. I M'k. Charles, an English lawyer, born about 1680, died in 1756. He compiled "A General and Complete Abridgment of Law and Equi- ty " (24 vols. fol., 1741-'51), the preparation of which occupied, according to Blackstone, half a century. It was reprinted in 24 vols. in 1792 -'4, and followed by a supplement (6 vols., 1799-1806). He bequeathed 12,000 to estab- lish a professorship of common law at Oxford, of which Blackstone was the first incumbent, and to endow fellowships and scholarships. VIBfET, Alexandra Rodolphe, a Swiss author, born near Lausanne, June 17, 1797, died near Vevay in May, 1847. He studied at the acad- emy of Lausanne, and taught French literature at the university of Basel from 1817 to 1837, when he became professor at Lausanne, teach- ing practical theology till 1845, and subse- quently French literature. Ho had entered the Protestant ministry in 1819, and in 1828 Guizot procured a prize from the society of Christian morals for his essay Sur la liberte des cultes. He became one of a commission for organizing the Protestant church in the canton of Vaud ; but his views of the respec- tive functions of the government and of the church not being adopted, he seceded from the state church and aided in forming an inde- pendent organization ; and he finally (Dec. 2, 1846) lost his professorship on account of his opposition to the new radical authorities of the canton. His works, the most important of which have been translated into English, in- clude Essai ur la manifestation des convictions religieuses, et sur la separation de Vfiglise et de Vfitat (Paris, 1842 ; 2d revised ed., 1858) ; Etudes sur Blaise Pascal (1848 ; 2d ed., 1856) ; Meditations evangeliques (1849) ; fitudes sur la litterature francaise au XIX' siecle (8 vols., 1849-'51 ; 2d ed., 1857) ; Theologie pastorale, ou theologie du ministere evangelique (1850 ; 2d ed., 1854) ; Histoire de la litterature au XVIII' siecle (2 vols., 1851); and Homiletique, ou theorie de la predication (1853). J. F. Asti6 has published, under the title of Esprit d'Ale- xandre Vinet, a synopsis of Pensees et reflexions, extracted from all his works (2 vols., Geneva, 1861). See A. Vinet, sa rie et ses c&uvres, by Edmond Scherer (Paris, 1853) ; A. Vinet, his- toire de sa tie et de ses omrages, by E. Rara- bert (Lausanne and Paris, 1875); and Sainte- Beuve's Portraits contemporains, vol. ii. YINLANI). See NORTHMEN. VIKTOX, a S. county of Ohio, drained by Salt and Raccoon creeks ; area, 414 sq. m. ;