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 VAUGHAN 1698, died in Paris in 1764. He entered the military service, was governor of Three Rivers in 1733 and of Louisiana in 1742, and in 1755 was made governor general of Canada. After Braddock's defeat by Beaujeu he erected Fort Carillon, and garrisoned Forts Frontenac,Niag- ara, and Gasp6. Montcalm captured Oswego and Fort William Henry, and defeated Aber- crombie ; but the English gradually closed in upon the colony, and the French army was routed on the plains of Abraham. Vaudreuil endeavored to recapture Quebec, and gained one action, but being unsupported by the home government capitulated and went to France. An investigation justified his administration, but he died soon after. III. Louis Philippe de Rigand, marquis de, nephew of the preceding, born in Rochefort, France, Oct. 28, 1724, died in Paris, Dec. 14, 1802. He entered the navy, commanded a vessel in the action between D'Estaing and Byron off Granada in 1779, and in that with Rodney off Martinique, April 17, 1780, and in other actions. He commanded a squadron in De Grasse's fleet in the action with Graves off the capes of the Chesapeake ; and in the action with Rodney, April 12, 1782, he saved a part of the fleet, including all his own squadron, and sailed to Boston. He was a member of the states general in 1789, and in the night of Oct. 5-6 defended the royal family at Versailles against the mob. During the reign of terror he resided in England. VAUGHAN, Henry, a British poet, born in the parish of Llansaintfread, Brecknockshire, South Wales, in 1621, died there, April 23, 1693. He studied at Oxford without graduating, was im- prisoned for a time as a royalist, afterward studied medicine in London, and returned to his native place. He called himself the Silurist from the ancient inhabitants of South Wales, the Silures. His works are : " Poems, with the tenth Satyre of Juvenal Englished " (Lon- don, 1646); " Silex Scintillans, or Sacred Poems and Private Ejaculations " (part i., 1650; part ii., 1655; new eds., 1847, 1858); "Olor Iscanus" ("Swan of the Usk," a river near his birthplace), a collection printed by his brother (1651); two prose works, "The Mount of Olives, or Solitary Devotions " (1652), and " Flores Solitudinis, or certain rare and elegant Pieces" (1654); and "Thalia Rediviva : the Pass Times and Diversions of a Country Muse, in Divine Poems" (1678). VAUGHAN, Robert, an English clergyman, born in 1795, died in June, 1868. He was educated for the ministry at Bristol college, was for six years pastor at Worcester, some years later was minister of the Independent chapel at Kensington, and afterward professor of an- cient and modern history in University college, London. On the removal of the Independent college from Blackburn to Manchester, he be- came its president in 1843, at the same time filling the chair of theology. In 1857 he re- signed on account of failing health. Soon after his removal to Manchester he projected VAUTIER 279 the " British Quarterly Review," of which he was the editor from 1844 to 1867. Among his works are: "Life and Opinions of John de Wycliffe, D. D." (2 vols. 8vo, 1828), revised and published in one volume with the title " John de Wycliffe, D. D., a Monograph, with some Account of the Wycliffe MSS." (1853) ; "Memorials of the Stuart Dynasty" (2 vols. 8vo, 1831) ; " Causes of the Corruption of Christianity" (1834); "Thoughts on the Past and Present State of Religious Parties in Eng- land" (1838); "The Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell " (2 vols., 1838) ; " History of Eng- land under the House of Stuart " (2 vols., 1840) ; " History of Revolutions in England " (3 vols., 1859-'63) ; and " Memorial of English Nonconformity" (1865). VAULABELLE, Aehille Tenaille de, a French his- torian, born at Chatel-Ceusoir, Yonne, in Oc- tober, 1799. He began life as a journalist, and in 1838 became an editor of the National. In 1835 appeared his Histoire de VEgypte mo- derne from 1801 to 1833, and in 1844 his His- toire des deux restaurations jusqu^d Vavene- inent de Louis PMlij)pe (3d revised ed., 8 vols., 1864). The provisional government of 1848 offered to send him as minister either to Lon- don or to Berlin, but he preferred to take his seat in the constituent assembly, and served on the committee for drawing up the new constitution and as chairman of that on educa- tion, and was minister of education from July to October. He opposed the policy of Louis Napoleon, and lost his seat in the elections of December, 1851. He has since written his- torical works on Louis Philippe's government, on the republic of 1848, and on the second empire. His brother, ELEONOKE DE VATJLA- BELLE (1802-'59), wrote M. de Similor en Cali- fornie (2d ed., 1856), and was a joint author of vaudevilles under the name of Jules Cordier. VAUNKS. See CAPE RIVEE. VAUQUELDf, Louis Nicolas, a French chemist, born in Normandy, May 16, 1763, died Nov. 14, 1829. He was employed by an apothecary in Rouen previous to his removal to Paris in 1781, where he studied pharmacy, and became Fourcroy's assistant. After acting in 1793 as chief pharmaceutist in the military hospital at Melun, he became in 1794 inspector and professor of docimacy in the mining school of Paris, and then assistant professor of chem- istry in the polytechnic school. On succeeding Darcet in the chair of chemistry at the college de France, he became director of the new school of pharmacy, and subsequently professor of chemistry in the jardin des plantes, finally suc- ceeding Fourcroy in the same capacity in the faculty of medicine. His discoveries, among which those of chromium and glucina deserve special notice, have been useful. He published several works on subjects connected with chem- istry, and alone and jointly with Fourcroy made more than 200 contributions to periodicals. VAUTIER, Benjamin, a Swiss painter, born in Geneva in 1830. He studied in Dusseldorf,