Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XVI.djvu/242

 222 URBANA of Durazzo. With him also Urban soon quar- relled. Charles at his coronation in Rome con- firmed Francesco Prignano, the pope's nephew, in possession of several Neapolitan provinces bestowed upon him by Urban; but on his ar- rival in Naples he refused to dismember his kingdom. Urban, having gone to Naples, was there held prisoner for a time by the king; and having moreover alienated the king of Aragon, Pedro, he found himself abandoned by the cardinals. Six of them, at the insti- gation of Francesco Prignano, being accused of conspiracy, were cruelly tortured and all put to death, with the exception of Cardinal Eston, an Englishman. Urban was besieged by Charles in Nocera, and fled in 1385 to Ge- noa and Lucca, but in 1388 returned to Rome. He ordered the year of jubilee to be celebra- ted every 33 years, instead of every 50 as be- fore, and appointed the first for the year 1390. IV. Urban VIII. (MAFFEO BARBERINI), born in Florence in 1568, died in Rome, July 29, 1644. Under the pontificate of Gregory XIV. he was governor of Fano, and under Clement VIII. papal prothonotary ; in 1604 he was appointed archbishop of Nazareth in partilus infidelium and ambassador to Paris, in 1605 cardinal, and in 1608 archbishop of Spoleto. He was elected pope, Aug. 6, 1623. He was a patron of sci- ences and arts, but left the government mostly to his relatives, who favored France and mo- nopolized the most important offices. Through one of his relatives he was involved in a war with the duke of Parma in 1642, which he was obliged to conclude by an unfavorable peace. He bestowed upon the cardinals, the three clerical electors of Germany (the arch- bishops of Mentz, Cologne, and Treves), and the grand master of the knights of Malta the title most eminent (eminent issimus), which led to a long controversy with Venice. He con- demned the doctrine of Jansenius, and under his pontificate Galileo was tried and condemned by the Roman inquisition. He established the college of the propaganda, issued a revised edi- tion of the Roman breviary, gave to the bull In Oosna Domini its present form, and forbade priests the use of snuff in church under pain of excommunication. He left a volume of Italian poetry, including 70 sonnets. From his knowledge of Greek he was called " the Attic bee;" his Latin poems were printed in 1640 (Maffei Barberini Poemata, fol., Paris). URBAN A, a city and the county seat of Cham- paign co., Ohio, at the intersection of the At- lantic and Great Western, the Pennsylvania Central, and the Sandusky, Dayton, and Cin- cinnati railroads, 40 m. W. N. W. of Colum- bus, and 76 m. N. N. E. of Cincinnati ; pop. in 1850, 2,020 ; in 1860, 3,429 ; in 1870, 4,276 ; in 1875, locally estimated at 7,000. It is situ- ated in the midst of a fertile country, and is handsomely built. The trade is important. The largest manufacturing concern is the Uni- ted States rolling stock company, which em- ploys from 300 to 500 hands. Other irnpor- URBINO tant establishments are a boot and shoe fac- tory, a tannery, an agricultural machine shop, a stove foundery, two carriage factories, three tobacco works, a woollen mill, two broom fac- tories, two wagon factories, three lumber yards and flouring mills, and a hub and spoke fac- tory, together employing 300 hands. There are three national banks, with a capital of $100,000 each, and one life and one fire in- surance company. The high school building cost $90,000, and accommodates 400 pupils. The city has five free public schools, a Roman Catholic school, and a public library. Urbana university (Swedenborgian), founded in 1851, in 1874-'5 had 4 instructors and a library of 5,000 volumes. A daily and two weekly news- papers and a monthly periodical are published. There are 12 churches, viz. : Baptist (2), Epis- copal, Lutheran, Methodist (3), Presbyterian, Roman Catholic, Swedenborgian, United Pres- byterian, and a mission church. I RHINO (anc. Urlinum Hortense), a city of Italy, in the Marches, capital of the province of Pesaro ed Urbino, on an isolated hill in the midst of bleak mountains, 20 m. S. W. of Pe- saro ; pop. of the town proper about 6,000, and of the whole commune 15,000. It is the seat of an archbishop. The old walls impart to the city a feudal aspect. It is celebrated as the birthplace of Raphael, and for many historical, artistic, and literary associations. The cathe- dral and other churches contain remarkable paintings. The finest public building, still un- rivalled in the cinque cento style, is the ducal palace, built by Frederick of Montefeltro from the designs of Lauranna. The free university dates from 1671, and in 1875 was attended by 71 students. The city also possesses a lyceum, a gymnasium, a technological institute, and an academy of science. In the 16th century it had celebrated manufactures of earthenware, and in the 18th of firearms, needles, and pins, and the latter are still extensive. Urbino was of some importance under the Romans. In the 6th century it was taken by Belisarius. Pope Sixtus IV. in 1474 bestowed the title of duke upon the counts of Montefeltro, the local rulers. Francesco Maria della Rovere, a nephew of Pope Julius II., succeeded to the duchy in 1508 as the aon-in-law of the last duke of the Montefeltro line. Under this dynasty the court of Urbino rivalled that of Ferrara in magnificence and in the patron- age of art and literature ; its most illustrious associations were with Raphael and Tasso. In 1631, on the extinction of the house of Ro- vere, the duchy, then comprising hundreds of palaces and many towns, became one of the immediate possessions of the Papal States ; and in 1860 it was incorporated with the do- minions of Victor Emanuel. The anniversary of Raphael's birth and death, occurring on the same day, was solemnly celebrated at Urbino April 6, 1873, and the house in which he was born was purchased in 1874 by the Raphael academy, to be fitted up as a museum.