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 URBAN 221 among his scattered observations of supposed satellites are some really relating to the two satellites discovered later by Lassell. inner The following are the elements of these bodies according to Mr. Hind, superintendent of the English "Nautical Almanac:" No. NAME. DISCOVERED BY Menu distance in radii of Ijjt. Sidereal period. Longitude of Q. Inclination. 1 Ariel Lassell 7-44 2d 12h 28m 2 Umbriel Lassell 10-87 4 8 27 8 Titania W. Herschel 17-01 8 16 55 165 25' 100 34' 4 "W. Herschel 22-75 13 11 6 165 28 100 84 It will be observed that the inclination here assigned is greater than a right angle. What is meant is, that the satellites travel on retro- grade paths at an inclination of 79 26', the complement of that here assigned. It was found, soon after the discovery of Uranus, that the planet had often been observed as a sup- posed star by Flamsteed, Bradley, Lemonnier, and Mayer. Lemonnier indeed had observed it 12 times. For the interesting result of these researches see NEPTUNE. The spectroscope has revealed nothing very satisfactory respect- ing Uranus, though Huggins suspects the pres- ence of large quantities of hydrogen in the planet's atmosphere. URBAN, the name of eight popes, of whom the following are the most important. I. Ur- ban II. (OTHON DE LAGNY), born at Chatillon- sur-Marne, France, about 1042, died in Rome, July 29, 1099. He was archdeacon of Rheims, and became successively a Benedictine monk, prior of Cluny, cardinal, and bishop of Ostia. He was employed by Pope Gregory VII. in the most important missions, and was elected pope at Terracina in 1088, while Rome was held by the antipope Clement III. He was recognized by all Latin Christendom except Germany, where the emperor Henry IV. with a majority of the bishops sustained the antipope, and Eng- land, where William II. remained neutral for some time. In 1089 the Romans, having ex- pelled the antipope, put Urban in possession of his see. He immediately summoned a coun- cil, excommunicated Clement, Henry, and their adherents, and concluded a matrimonial union between the celebrated countess Matilda of Tuscany and Guelf, son of the duke of Bavaria. The emperor Henry, incensed thereat, marched to Rome with an army in 1091, restored the antipope, and forced Urban to fly for protec- tion to Robert, count of Apulia. In 1093 Con- rad, Henry's eldest son, was prevailed upon by Matilda to side with the pope, who crowned him king at Monza. This alliance enabled Ur- ban to regain possession of Rome, excepting the Lateran and the castle of Sant' Angelo. In March, 1095, he held a council at Piacenza, at which 200 bishops, 3,000 of the inferior clergy, and 30,000 laymen were present, and there received the ambassadors of the Greek emperor Alexius Comnenus, who besought his aid against the Turks. There also Urban first appealed to the Christian princes to unite against the infidels, and this led to the hold- ing of the council of Clermont in Auvergne, Nov. 18. In that assemblage Urban proclaimed the first crusade, giving the cross to multi- tudes amid the shouts of Dieu le veult! and ratified the sentence of excommunication pro- nounced in 1094 by the council of Autun against King Philip I. of France. In the 12 councils held by him Urban labored to con- solidate and perfect the reforms of Gregory VII., and condemned the opinions of Beren- garius on the eucharist, and those of Scotus Erigena. At the council of Bari, in 1098, he made a fruitless attempt to effect a union of the Greek and Latin churches. Urban was one of the most influential popes of the middle ages. He declared the election of a pope in- dependent of the assent of the Roman em- peror, vigorously enforced the law of celibacy, and forbade bishops and priests to accept ec- clesiastical offices from the hands of laymen. II. Urban Y. (GUIIXATJME DE GEIMOAED), born at Grisac, Languedoc, in 1309, died in Avi- gnon, Dec. 19, 1370. He was a Benedictine monk, abbot of Auxerre in 1353 and of Mar- seilles in 1358, and papal legate in Naples and Sicily, and was elected in 1362, at Avignon, successor of Innocent VI. He went in 1367 to Rome, but in 1370 returned to Avignon. In 1369 the Greek emperor John Palseologus him- self visited Rome, abjured the peculiar tenets of the Greek church, and acknowledged the su- premacy of the pope. In 1370 Urban sent mis- sionaries to the Tartars and an embassy to Georgia, as the churches of Georgia had joined the Greek church. He was the first pope who blessed a golden rose for princes, presenting it to the queen of Naples. He was a liberal pro- tector of letters, and was praised by his contem- poraries as entirely free from nepotism. III. Urban VI. (BAKTOLOHMEO BUTILLI-PBIGNANO), born in Naples in 1318, died in Rome, Oct. 15, 1389. Before his accession to the papal see he was archbishop of Bari. He was elected successor of Gregory XI. in 1378 by the car- dinals assembled at Rome ; but the cardinals who were residents of Avignon did not recog- nize him, and in union with some of the Ro- man cardinals, who declared his election com- pulsory, elected Count Robert of Geneva pope under the name of Clement VII. (See CLEM- ENT VII., antipope, vol. iv., p. 661.) Thus began what is known as the great schism in the Roman Catholic church. When Queen Joanna of Naples, who had supported Urban with an army, abandoned his cause, the pope deposed her and anointed in her stead Charles