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206 Young Physician,” by James Jackson; “Surgical Observations on Tumors,” by J. C. Warren; the treatises on “Human Physiology” by J. W. Draper and by J. C. Dalton; the “Treatise on the Principles and Practice of Medicine,” by Austin Flint; “The Physiology of Man,” by Austin Flint, jr.; and the various works of W. A. Hammond; besides which there are many of reputation by D. Hosack, J. W. Francis, S. G. Morton, S. Forry, J. Bell, P. Earle, O. W. Holmes, G. S. Bedford, Horace Green, C. A. Harris, W. E. Homer, P. S. Physick, C. Wistar, Valentine Mott, J. Pancoast, L. V. Bell, W. W. Sanger, A. Brigham, L. M. Lawson, S. W. Mitchell, T. D. Mutter, Bennet Dowler, J. A. Swett, Daniel Drake, Charles Caldwell, H. H. Smith, E. Parrish, J. King, A. Stillé, Winslow Lewis, G. Hayward, J. M. Smith, P. Townsend, W. W. Gerhard, J. R. Cox, P. F. Eve, S. F. Condie, and W. H. Van Buren. The principal writers of the homœopathic school are C. Hering, E. E. Marcy, J. H. Pulte, C. J. Hempel, Egbert Guernsey, and W. H. Holcombe.—The theory of education has occupied a large share of the attention of American writers during this period; and among many valuable works on the subject may be mentioned the “Lectures on Education,” by Horace Mann (1796-1859); “National Education in Europe,” by Henry Barnard; “The Theory and Practice of Teaching,” by D. P. Page; “The Student's Manual,” by John Todd; “University Education,” by Chancellor H. P. Tappan; “The School and Schoolmaster,” by Bishop Alonzo Potter and G. B. Emerson; besides others by F. A. P. Barnard, William Russell, Barnas Sears, G. F. Thayer, W. A. Alcott, W. C. Woodbridge, Hubbard Winslow, A. B. Alcott, W. H. McGuffey, J. S. Hart, and S. G. Howe. Under this head may also be included the “Five Years in an English University,” by C. A. Bristed; “German Universities,” by J. M. Hart (also treated in J. F. Hurst's “Five Years' Residence in Germany”); and “American Colleges” and other works by Noah Porter. The general excellence and enormous production of school books are perhaps the most remarkable features of American literature. Among these are the Greek lexicons of J. Pickering and H. Drisler; the Latin lexicons of F. P. Leverett and E. A. Andrews; the Latin and Greek grammars and elementary books of Andrews, C. C. Felton, Charles Anthon, J. McClintock, A. C. Kendrick, J. Hadley, J. R. Boise, A. Crosby, A. Harkness, E. A. Sophocles, P. Bullions, and S. H. Taylor; and the editions of classical authors by President T. D. Woolsey, Anthon, Felton, H. S. Frieze, T. A. Thacher, Tayler Lewis, J. J. Owen, J. L. Lincoln, C. S. Wheeler, and C. K. Dillaway. English grammar and composition have been treated by Samuel Kirkham, Goold Brown, J. Greenleaf, P. Bullions, W. H. Wells, Allan Weld, R. G. Parker, G. P. Quackenbos, William Swinton, and others; and the spelling books of Noah

Webster, C. W. Sanders, and S. Town have had a prodigious circulation. The chief writers of mathematical text books are Daniel Adams, Warren Colburn, C. W. Hackley, C. Davies, W. G. Peck, E. Loomis, G. R. Perkins, T. Sherwin, B. Greenleaf, F. Emerson, D. Leach, W. M. Gillespie, W. D. Swan, and J. F. Stoddard; and of school geographies, atlases, etc., W. C. Woodbridge, Mrs. Emma Willard, Jesse Olney, J. E. Worcester, R. C. Smith, S. A. Mitchell, F. McNally, Arnold Gnyot, Miss S. S. Cornell, and William Swinton.—Among works on the science of war may be mentioned those on military tactics by Lieut. Gen. Winfield Scott (1786-1866) and W. J. Hardee; A. Mordecai's “Artillery for the United States Land Service;” D. H. Mahan's works on engineering, fortifications, &c.; H. W. Halleck's “Elements of Military Art and Science;” J. A. Dahlgren's “System of Boat Armament” and “Shells and Shell Guns;” C. B. Stuart's “Naval Dry Docks of the United States;” J. G. Barnard's “Notes on Sea-coast Defence;” J. H. Ward's “Elementary Course of Instruction in Ordnance and Naval Gunnery;” De Hart's “Constitution and Practice of Courts Martial;” Col. H. L. Scott's “Dictionary of Military Science;” Upton's “New System of Infantry Tactics;” besides many by J. G. and B. J. Totten, E. L. Vielé, W. N. Jeffers, jr., H. D. Grafton, J. G. Benton, Hermann Haupt, A. L. Holley, S. V. Benet, H. D. Wallen, A. J. Meyer, E. C. Boynton, and others.—Comparatively few authors have written on the fine arts; the most prominent are W. Dunlap, author of a “History of the Arts of Design in America;” J. J. Jarves, author of “Art Hints” and “Art Thoughts;” Washington Allston, Horatio Greenough, H. T. Tuckerman, B. J. Lossing, W. H. Fry, Mrs. H. F. Lee, Thomas Hastings, W. M. Hunt, and Lowell Mason, who have written upon sculpture, painting, and music. Rural architecture and landscape gardening have been illustrated by A. J. Downing (1815-'62) in a number of gracefully written treatises and essays; and Samuel Sloan, C. Vaux, G. Wheeler, T. W. Walter, R. Upjohn, M. Field, and others have published general works on architecture. Of the numerous works produced on agricultural and horticultural subjects may be cited “European Agriculture and Rural Economy,” by H. Colman; the “Farmer's Companion” and “Farmer's Instructor,” by Jesse Buel; E. Ruffin's “Calcareous Manures;” R. L. Allen's “American Herd Book ” and “New American Farm Book;” R. Buist's “American Flower Garden Directory;” Downing's “Fruit and Fruit Trees of America;” “The Fruit Garden,” by P. Barry; “The Fruit Trees of America,” by C. M. Hovey; “The Muck Manual,” by S. L. Dana; H. S. Randall's “Sheep Husbandry;” L. T. Smith's “American Farmer's Hand-Book;” G. E. Waring's “Elements of Agriculture;” J. J. Thomas's “Farm Implements and Machinery;” besides many valuable