Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XVI.djvu/20

 12 TROYES and county purposes, $284,125 22. The total funded debt was $1,226,000; net debt, less sinking fund, &o., $738,550. The principal charitable institutions are the church home, Presbyterian church home, home for aged poor, Troy Catholic male orphan asylum, Troy orphan asylum, Troy hospital, Marshall infirmary, and home of the u Little Sisters of the Poor." The public schools embrace a high school and 15 ward schools, and have an annual enrolment of about 8,000 pupils and an average attendance of 4,500. The expendi- ture for school purposes is from $125,000 to $150,000 a year. The Troy female seminary, removed from Middlebury, Vt., to Troy in 1821, gained a national reputation under the charge of its founder, Mrs. Emma Willard ; it was discontinued in 1870. The Rensselaer polytechnic institute, endowed by Stephen Van Eensselaer, was organized in 1824, for the purpose of teaching the application of mathematics to civil engineering and the nat- ural sciences, and has in its special depart- ments a high reputation. In 1874-'5 it had 13 instructors, 170 students, and a library of 3,000 volumes. St. Joseph's theological sem-* inary of the province of New York, a Ro- man Catholic institution, was founded at Ford- ham in 1841, and removed to Troy in 1864. In 1874-'5 it had 6 professors, 126 students, and a library of 8,000 volumes. The Troy young men's association for mutual improve- ment has a valuable library of 19,000 vol- umes, and a reading room. It occupies a part of the beautiful freestone building known as the Athenaeum, in which is also the post office. Three daily and five weekly newspapers are published. There are 50 churches, viz. : 6 Bap- tist, 1 Church of Christ, 8 Episcopal, 3 Jewish, 1 Lutheran, 9 Methodist, 11 Presbyterian, 9 Roman Catholic, 1 Unitarian, and 1 Universal- ist. The first house of any note on the site of Troy was built by Matthias Vanderheyden in 1752, and is still standing on the S. E. corner of River and Division streets. Between 1786 and 1790 the tract was surveyed and laid out, with streets running at right angles except- ing where such plan was interfered with by the course of the river. Hitherto the place had been variously known as Vanderheyden's ferry, Ferry hook, and Ashley's ferry ; but on Jan. 5, 1789, the name Troy was adopted. At this time it contained five small stores and about a dozen dwellings. The first village charter was adopted in 1791. This was su- perseded by another on Feb. 16, 1798, and the village was formally incorporated by state acts passed April 2, 1801, and April 9, 1805. The city charter was granted April 12, 1816. Troy has suffered by three great fires: June 20, 1820, 98 buildings, loss $490,000; Aug. 25, 1854, 300 buildings, loss $1,000,000; and May 10, 1862, 671 buildings, loss $3,000,000. TROYES, a city of France, capital of the de- partment of Aube, and formerly of Cham- pagne, on the left bank of the Seine, 90 m. E TROY WEIGHT S. E. of Paris; pop. in 1872, 38,118. It has a cathedral with a celebrated choir and stained glass windows, and surrounded by five chapels, begun about 1200 and finished in the 16th cen- tury, and recently restored. The unfinished collegiate church of St. Urban, and those of St. John, St. Nizier, and the Madeleine, are likewise remarkable. The lyceum of Troyes is one of the finest in France. In the former abbey of St. Loup is an extensive collection of books and manuscripts. The museum is rich in coins and mosaics. The manufactures of cotton and woollen goods and hosiery are of great extent. Soap, sausages, and cheese are also made. Troyes was originally the capital of the Tricasses. Under the Romans it was included in Gallia Lugdunensis, and became known as Augustobona, and in the 5th century as Tree. At the close of the 9th century it was devastated by the Normans. It was the seat of several councils, and under the counts of Champagne it rose in the 12th century to great importance. John the Fearless of Bur- gundy captured the town in 1415. The treaty uniting the French and English crowns, con- cluded here May 21, 1420, was sealed on June 2 by the marriage of Henry V. with the princess Catharine. During the war between Charles V. and Francis I. it was almost reduced to ashes by the former (May, 1524). In 1814 it was a prominent battle ground between Na- poleon and the allies. In November, 1870, it was occupied by the Germans. TROYO.X, Constant, a French painter, born in Sevres, Aug. 25, 1810, died in Paris early in 1865. He was early employed at Sevres in painting on porcelain, and began in 1833 to send his works to the annual exhibitions in Paris. He rose to the first rank of his profession, especially in landscapes and animals, and has been called the Lafontaine of his art. He painted many pictures illustrating Sevres, St. Cloud, and other places near Paris. Among his animal and figure pieces are " The Fair of Limousin," " The Cattle Market," " The Water- ing Place," " The Poacher," " Working Oxen," " Hounds at Rest and in Motion," " Going to Market," and " Before the Storm " (a vigorously painted landscape with cattle and sheep). One of his most celebrated works, a landscape with animals, left unfinished at his death, was in 1869 presented by his mother to the museum of the Luxembourg, and placed in the Rubens gallery. Many of his pictures have been pop- ularized by engravings. In 1875 his "Osier Bed" was sold in Paris for. 24,200 francs, his "White Cow chased by a Dog" for 10,400 francs, and his " Pastures near Trouville " for 12,000 francs. TROY WEIGHT, a scale of weights used in England and the United States for weighing gold, silver, and jewels, and in trying the strength of spirituous liquors, and legally estab- lished in both countries for determining the weight of coins. The derivation of the term is uncertain. In 1828 a standard troy pound