Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XVI.djvu/16

 g TROUSDALE ted States senator. From 1823 to 1827 he was governor of the state, and in 1829 was a second time elected to the United States senate, from which he retired before the expiration of 1m term, on account of ill health. He was one of the most earnest and able of the advocates of state sovereignty. His life was written by E. J. Harden (Savannah, 1859). TROUSDALE, a N. county of Middle Tennes- see, intersected in the S. E. by the Cumber- land river ; area, about 110 sq. m. It has been formed since the census of 1870 from portions of Maoon, Smith, Sumner, and Wilson coun- ties. The greater part of the surface is made up of valleys separated by ridges, the soil of both being productive. The timber consists of poplar, white oak, walnut, &c., but is not abundant. Blue grass is abundant. The sta- ples are corn, wheat, tobacco, and hay. Cap- ital, Hartsville. TROUSSEAU, Armand, a French physician, born in Tours, Oct. 14, 1801, died June 23, 1867. He graduated in medicine at Paris in 1825. In 1828 he was sent by government to inves- tigate endemic and epidemic diseases prevalent in the central departments of France, and the yellow fever at Gibraltar. In 1831 he was* appointed hospital physician; in 1837 he re- ceived the grand prize of the academy of med- icine for a treatise on phthisis laryngea ; and in 1839 he was appointed professor of thera- peutics and materia medica in the faculty of medicine. He was prominent in introducing and establishing the practice of tracheotomy in croup and paracentesis thoracis in cases of dangerous or long continued pleuritic effusion. His most important works are Traite elemen- taire de therapeutique et de matiere medicale (Paris, 1836 ; 8th ed., 2 vols., 1867), which was translated into English, Spanish, and Italian, and Nouvelles recherches sur la tracheotomie dans laperiode extreme du croup (1851). TROUT, a name popularly restricted to the species of the salmon family inhabiting ex- clusively or principally fresh water, and em- bracing members of the three subgenera of the old genus salmo made by Valenciennes, viz., salmo, fario, and salar ; the family characters have been given under SALMON. The salmon trouts belong to the genus fario (Val.), having one row of teeth on the vomer, the true sal- mons having the palate smooth ; the species are so called from the redness of the flesh, but all the trouts have this color at some epoch of their lives, depending probably on their food. The salmon trout of Europe (F. argenteus, Val. ; salmo trutta, Linn.), called also white or sea trout, is found in the larger lakes and rivers of that continent; it varies considerably in color, like all of the family, according to the character of the water and the quality of the food ; it is greenish gray or bluish black above, lighter on the sides, and silvery white below, with a few black spots above the lat- eral line ; it attains a length of 2 to 2| ft., and, being abundant in the markets of London and TROUT Paris is next in value to the salmon, which it resembles in habits. The so-called sea trout of the gulf of St. Lawrence (salmo immacula- tus, H. R. Storer) has the flesh of a fine pink color and superior flavor; the color is sea- green above, lower parts and the fins white ; it rarely exceeds a weight of 7 Ibs. ; it probably belongs to the genus fario. There are several species called salmon trout in lakes shut off from the sea and near the mouths of the rivers of Maine. The spots of trout resist the action of heat and even of alcohol for a long time. The common brook or speckled trout of North America (salmo fontinalis, Mitch.) is from 8 to 20 in. long, pale brownish above with dark- er reticulated markings; sides lighter, with numerous circular yellow spots, many with a bright red spot in the centre; white or yel- lowish white below ; the first ray of pectorals, ventrals, and anal edged with white and black, with the rest of these fins reddish. It is found abundantly in the streams of the British prov- inces, the New England, middle, and western states, and is everywhere highly esteemed as food; it is rarely taken weighing more than 1 Ib. ; the markings vary considerably ac- cording to locality and season ; in New Bruns- Specklcd Trout (Salmo fontinalis). wick and Nova Scotia it descends to the sea when it can; it is the same species from Labrador to Pennsylvania and Ohio. It is a great favorite with anglers; it is taken by the hook and line baited with a minnow, shrimp, worm, or artificial fly ; in narrow streams, just before the spawning season, when it is little inclined to bite, it may be caught by titil- lation, by passing the hand carefully under the tail, and, as the tickling is gently performed, slowly moving it toward the head, until by a sudden grasp it is seized and landed. In tho genus salmo belongs also the char of the Brit- ish and Swiss lakes (S. umbla, Linn.), usually 9 to 12 in. long, but sometimes 18 or 20 in. ; it is umber-brown above, the sides lighter with numerous red spots, the lower parts and fins reddish orange ; it varies like all other trouts, and occasionally attains a larger size than the above ; it frequents the deep part of the lakes, feeds chiefly at night, and affords but little sport to the angler. Its American representa- tive is the 8. oquassa (Girard) of the great lakes of Maine. In the genus salar (Val.) there are two rows of teeth on the vomer. The common European brook trout (salar fa- rio, Val.) is usually 10 to 14 in. long, though sometimes considerably larger, even to a weight