Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XV.djvu/906

 876 TRIUMVIRATE troops; if the advantage had been positive and the number of enemies slain in a single battle at least 5,000; if it had been gained over a foreign enemy and not in a civil war ; if the national dominion had been extended, and not merely recovered or relieved from the presence of the enemy ; and if the war had been actually concluded so as to permit of the army's withdrawal from the conquered coun- try. Sometimes the comitia of the tribes be- stowed triumphs, and generals even triumphed in defiance of the senate and the people. Na- val triumphs were also granted in some cases. After the overthrow of the republic, the em- perors, in virtue of their authority as com- manders-in-chief of the armies of the state, claimed the exclusive right of celebrating tri- umphs ; and until A. D. 534, when Belisarius entered Constantinople in triumph after the overthrow of the Vandal kingdom in Africa, no subject had for more than five centuries enjoyed that distinction. This was the 350th triumph in Roman history, and the last ever celebrated. A lesser kind of triumph, called an ovation (ovatio) from the practice of sac- rificing a sheep (ovis) instead of a bull, was granted to a general whose success did not entitle him to a full triumph. TRIUMVIRATE, an office filled coordinately by three persons. Several magistracies of this description were recognized in the Roman gov- ernment, of which the most important was that for the regulation of public affairs tri- umviri reipublicm constituendce. Though ma- gistrates with this title are thought to have been appointed as early as 360 B. 0., there is no certain mention of them till toward the close of the republic. The coalition between Julius Csesar, Pompey, and Crassus, in 00 B. 0., is often called the first triumvirate, but they were never invested with any office under that title. The so-called second triumvirate of Octavius, Antony, and Lepidus (43) was the first sanc- tioned by the people. The office was bestowed on them for five years, and after the expira- tion of that term for five years more. Ad- ministration by triumvirs was apparently much favored by Roman legislators. The triumviri capitales had charge of the prisons and juris- diction in minor cases ; the triumviri nocturni had charge of the police at night. Mazzini, Armellini, and Saffi formed in February, 1849, a triumvirate at Rome, with the entire execu- tive power placed in their hands. TRIHIH, Louis Jules, a French soldier, born at Palais, Brittany, in 1815. He studied at the academy of St. Cyr and at the special mili- tary school for the staff at Paris, and gradua- ted in 1840 as a first lieutenant. After serving under Bugeaud in Algeria, he became Saint- Arnaud's aide-de-camp in the Crimea and com- manded a brigade at Sebastopol. In 1859 he distinguished himself as general of division at the battle of Solferino. In 1867 appeared anonymously his Varmee franpaise en 1867 (20th ed., 1870), exposing the weakness of the TROGLODYTES military resources, which gave umbrage to the emperor. It was only after his selection by Palikao for the organization of troops at the camp of Chalons that Napoleon reluctantly consented (Aug. 17, 1870) to his being made governor and chief commander of Paris. As such Trochu ordered the expulsion of the Ger- man residents, numbering about 80,000. On the establishment of the republican govern- ment (Sept. 4) he was placed at its head. In repeated proclamations he promised the rescue of the besieged city ; and when its capitulation was unavoidable, he resigned the command in favor of Gen. Vinoy (Jan. 20, 1871), though remaining at the head of the government. He attempted to defend his administration in the assemblies at Bordeaux and Versailles, of the latter of which he was a member till the spring of 1872, when he retired in consequence of the unsatisfactory issue of a libel suit against the Figaro newspaper, which had attacked his course. In 1873 he left the army with a pen- sion, and he has since been engaged at Tours in writing a military work. TR<EZEN, or Troezenc, one of the oldest cities of ancient Greece, in the Peloponnesus, in a territory named from it TroBzenia, forming the 6. E. corner of Argolis. It was founded prob- ably by the lonians, and according to Homer was subject at the time of the Trojan war to Argos, from which it afterward received a Doric colony. Subsequently it became a pro- minent maritime city, founded Halicarnassus and Myndus in Caria, and probably Psestum in Magna Graecia, and was conspicuous in the wars with Persia, its harbor being the rendez- vous of the Grecian fleet after the sea fight at Artemisium. During the Peloponnesian, Co- rinthian, and other wars, it adhered to the side of Sparta. After the establishment of the Macedonian rule over Greece it was in the hands of various contending parties, and con- tinued a place of some importance until the time of Pausanias, who describes its public buildings in detail ; but after this period we have no account of its history. The ruins of the ancient city lie near the village of Damala, and consist principally of Hellenic foundations with Frankish or Byzantine superstructures. TROGLODYTES (Gr. rpuy/Wvr^, from rp&- yfy, a cave, and tiveiv, to enter), the name given by the ancients to tribes of men who lived in caves. Several such are mentioned by ancient writers as inhabiting parts of Ethi- opia, Upper Egypt, the borders of the Red sea, Mo3sia, Mauritania, and the northern part of the Caucasus. The most celebrated were those of southern Egypt and Ethiopia, where a large district was called Regio Troglodytica. They are represented as depending upon cattle for their livelihood, and living in the most de- based condition. In part of Arabia the moun- tainous regions encompassing the wadys are filled with caves, which are occupied as per- manent habitations by half savage tribes of Bedouins ; and it is probable that these belong