Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XV.djvu/890

{|width="100%" with about 50 teachers and an average attendance of about 2,000 pupils, besides academies and Roman Catholic schools. The state library contains 20,539 volumes, the law library 15,000, and the public library about 5,000. Six daily, one semi-weekly (German), and six weekly newspapers are published. There are 34 churches, viz.: 4 Baptist, 3 Episcopal, 1 Evangelical Lutheran, 2 Friends', 1 Jewish, 1 Lutheran, 1 Messiah, 12 Methodist, 6 Presbyterian, and 3 Roman Catholic.—The first settlement in the vicinity was made about 1680, and was named in 1720 in honor of Col. William Trent, speaker of the house of assembly. It was selected as the capital of New Jersey in 1790, and incorporated as a city in 1792. On the night preceding Dec. 26, 1776, Gen. Washington crossed the Delaware river at McConkey's ferry, and attacked the Hessians, who were encamped in Trenton, surprising and routing them completely, taking about 1,000 prisoners, 6 brass field pieces, 1,200 stand of arms, and the standards of an entire brigade. The Hessians numbered about 1,300, and 17 were killed in the skirmish, while the Americans lost not a man in the fight, although two were frozen to death in recrossing the river. The force of the enemy in the vicinity being superior to Washington's, he returned to his camp on the other side of the Delaware on the night of the 26th.  TRENTON FALLS, a village of Oneida co., New York, on West Canada creek and the Utica and Black River railroad, 13 m. N. E. of Utica; pop. in 1870, 128. It is named from the falls in its neighborhood, six in number, occupying at intervals a ravine 2 m. long, with an aggregate descent of 312 ft. The cascades are exceedingly beautiful, and the rocky walls in some places are 150 ft. high.  TRENTSCHIN (Hung. Trenscény), a N. W. county of Hungary, bordering on Moravia, Austrian Silesia, and W. Galicia; area, 1,784 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 248,626, nearly all Slovaks and Roman Catholics. It is traversed by two branches of the Carpathian mountains, and watered by the Waag and its affluents. Its chief products are corn, fruit, flax, and hemp; and it has famous mineral springs. The capital, Trentschin, on the left bank of the Waag, is remarkable for the springs in its vicinity, and for its castle, one of the oldest and strongest in Hungary, situated on a rocky eminence; pop. in 1870, 3,449.  TREPAN, and Trephine (Gr., to perforate), two surgical instruments used for removing portions of bone from the skull or other parts of the bony structure. The first was an instrument like a gimlet, to which was attached a crown or cylinder with saw teeth on its lower edge, and which was worked by a rotatory motion till it perforated the bone. Several sizes of these cylinders were furnished. The trephine is of later invention. It has a cylindrical saw, but no gimlet. A sharp steel
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point called a centre pin, which can be pressed into the bone until the saw has made a groove for itself, passes down the centre of the instrument, and is removable by the operator as soon as the groove is made. The cutting is accomplished, not as in the trepan by a rotatory movement, but by semi-rotation, as in boring with an awl. The method of trephining is as follows: A crucial incision is made down to the bone, and the periosteum being dissected up, the trephine is applied, the centre pin being removed as soon as the track of the instrument is fixed, and the instrument itself raised every few strokes in order to see that it is not cutting through on either side, upon the tissues below. The greatest danger is when the circular piece is nearly separated; and some operators raise the cut portion by means of the elevator, rather than permit the instrument to divide it completely. The spicula of bone which may remain around the orifice are carefully removed by means of forceps. Trephining has been considered as indicated when there is a fracture of a portion of the skull, from a fall or blow with a blunt instrument, in order to elevate the depressed portion; in some cases of concussion, where there is reason to believe that the inner table of the skull is fractured at the opposite side of the head, and is producing irritation of the brain; in cases where extravasation of blood has taken place under the meninges of the brain from injuries or disease, or where purulent matter has accumulated under the meninges; in caries affecting the bones of the skull, the sternum or breast bone, or the tibia; and in some cases of a collection of purulent matter under the sternum. During the middle ages, in the “heroic” period of surgical practice, trephining was one of the most common operations of surgery. Of late years the operation is but seldom practised. Hey's saw, with a shaft and handle like a common steel fork, and having a plate of steel 1½ in. in breadth and perhaps 1¾ in. long attached to it, one edge of which is a straight and the other a convex saw, has almost entirely superseded the trephine for most of those injuries of the skull which were formerly thought to require its use. By this instrument the depressed portion is itself removed, instead of that which was not fractured, and the injuries to the skull can be remedied with far less loss of bony structure than under the old system.  TRESPASS (Norman Fr. trèspasser, from très, beyond, and passer, to go), in law, as usually defined, a wrongful act, committed with some kind of violence, and injurious to the person, property, or rights of another. Its literal meaning is precisely the same as transgression; it is a step beyond the limits of law or right. In the old law Latin the word transgressio was used where trespass is used in English. Formerly the two words were employed in writing and conversation with the same meaning, but now trespass is commonly used