Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XV.djvu/851

 TOUL pronation and supination, opposability of ) thumb, and great mobility of the fingers, le power of distinguishing the temperature foreign bodies is restricted within certain ther narrow limits. We can perceive the smperature of a substance which is moder- ly warm or cool ; but if it be either above below a certain limit, we fail to judge ac- curately of its temperature, and receive only a linful sensation. If the foreign body be ex- ively hot or cold, as in the case of boiling rater or frozen mercury, the discrimination of jmperature is lost altogether, and the painful jnsation is the same in either instance. Thus le touch of a very cold conducting body may ^ said to burn the fingers, like that of a very )t one. Cold, by retarding the capillary cir- ilation and by its direct sedative influence, jadens the sense of touch ; in like manner, ressure upon or disease of the nerve trunks, id various states of the brain receiving the nsory impressions, are accompanied by ob- seness of touch. Prominent among the causes ting on the nervous centres are the influence toxic and anaesthetic agents, obstructed cir- ilation, and chronic inflammations; on the )ther hand, irritation and acute inflammation the course of the nerves, at their peripheral rminations, or in the centres, may be accom- lied by hypenesthesia or excessive sensitive- 3ss of the surface. Subjective sensations, or those dependent on internal causes, are very common in the sense of touch ; those of pleasure and pain, heat and cold, itching and creeping sensations, &c., are familiar examples. Touch may be greatly improved when the other senses are impaired or lost, partly from the greater attention given to the sensations, and the consequent increase of the power of dis- crimination. Instances of the education of this sense are very remarkable and well known in the blind. In the lower animals it is most acute in the hands, feet, and prehensile tail of monkeys ; in the lips and tongue of herbivora ; in the snout of the elephant, pig, tapir, and mole ; in the flying membrane, ears, and nasal appendages of bats, which can perceive even the vibrations of air ; in birds, in the under surface of the toes and their webs, and in the sensitive skin of the mandibles of the duck tribe and some waders ; in the under surface of the toes in many lizards, in the extensile tongue of the chameleon and serpents, in the naked skin of batrachians, and in the thumbs of the males of the latter during the reproduc- tive season ; in the antennae and palpi of artic- ulates, in the oral appendages of mollusks, and in the tentacles of radiates. TOIL (anc. Tullum), a fortified town of French Lorraine, in the department of Meurthe- et-Moselle, on the Moselle, 14 m. W. of Nancy; pop. in 1872, 6,584. It has a celebrated Gothic cathedral, and other notable buildings are the church of St. Genoult and the former episcopal palace, now used as a town hall. Its trade and industry embrace wine, glass, hosiery, and other TOULON 821 local products and manufactures. Originally it belonged to Belgic Gaul, and afterward suc- cessively to Austrasia, to local counts, and to Germany as an imperial city under the pro- tectorate of the dukes of Lorraine ; and in the middle of the 16th century it was annexed to France. The bishopric, established early in the 5th century, was suppressed during the rev- olution. In January, 1814, Toul was stormed by the Russians; and in 1870 it was bombard- ed by the Germans, to whom it surrendered Sept. 23, after a strenuous defence. TOELMIfl, CamiDa. See CROSLAND. TOULMLN, Joshna, an English clergyman, born in London, May 11, 1740, died in Birmingham, July 23, 1815. He was educated at a dissent- ing academy, and became pastor of a dissenting congregation in Colyton, and in 1765 of a Bap- tist congregation in Taunton, where he was also a bookseller. He subsequently adopted Unitarian opinions, received the degree of D. D. from Harvard college in 1794, and in 1804 was chosen one of the ministers of the Unitarian congregation at Birmingham, formerly pre- sided over by Dr. Priestley, which post he retained till his death. His principal publi- cations are: "Sermons to Youth" (12mo, Honiton,l770); "Memoirs of Socinus" (1777); "Letter to Dr. John Sturges on the Church Establishment" (1782) ; " Dissertations on the Internal Evidences of Christianity" (1785); " Eeview of the Life, Character, and Writings of John Biddle, M.A." (1789) ; an edition of Neal's " History of the Puritans," with notes and additions (5 vols., l794-'7 ; 3 vols., 1887) ; " Biographical Tribute to the Memory of Dr. Priestley" (1804); "Memoirs of the Rev. Samuel Bourne" (1809); and a "Historical View of the State of the Protestant Dissenters in England " (1814). Theophilus Browne edit- ed and published 22 of his posthumous dis- courses (8vo, Birmingham, 1818). TOULON, a seaport city of France, in the de- partment of Var, Provence, at the head of a double bay of the Mediterranean, in lat. 43 7' N., Ion. 5 56' E., 30 m. S. E. of Marseilles ; pop. in 1872, 69,127. It stands upon ground which rises gradually from the sea, and is sheltered by a ridge of mountains, extending round the bay. A tongue of land stretches nearly across the entrance of the bay, and, together with all the adjacent points, is strongly fortified. The city has been much enlarged within the last generation, and the new northern quarter is a great improvement upon the old parts of the town. It is especially rich in fountains, trees, and promenades. The cathedral and other old and new churches, the fine town hall, the mili- tary and naval schools, as well as the new palace of justice and the new theatre, are all eclipsed by the magnitude of the military port. It is the largest in the Mediterranean and one of the most admirable of the kind, extending over 240 acres, and surrounded by vast build- ings, the arsenal, and floating docks, and con- nected with the supplementary arsenals of Cas-