Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XV.djvu/821

 TOLLENS 24 of woollens, 2 bleaching and dyeing estab- lishments, and 8 flour mills. Capital, Tolland. TOLLENS, Hendrik Corneliszoon, a Dutch poet, born in Rotterdam, Sept. 24, 1780, died in Ryswick, Oct. 21, 1856. He was intended for trade, but in 1800 began publishing poetry, and finally became one of the most celebrated national bards. His masterpieces include a narrative poem on Barentz's expedition to Nova Zembla (new ed., 1844), dramatic works, and patriotic lyrics, especially the Wapenkreet (1815). His GezamentlijTce dichtwerken com- prise 8 vols. (Leeuwarden, 1855-'7). TOLNA, a S. W. county of Hungary, border- ing on the counties of Veszprem, Stuhlweis- senburg, Pesth, Baranya, and Somogy; area, 1,407 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 220,740. It is watered by the Danube, which forms its E. frontier, and by the Sarviz and Kapos. The soil is generally fertile, except the sandy E. portion. Corn, tobacco, flax, wine, and fruit are produced, and cattle, pigs, sheep, and horses abound. Capital, Szegszard. TOLSTOI, a Russian family, celebrated since the 17th century. Among its best known members at the present day are Count Alexis Tolstoi (born Sept. 5, 1817, died Oct. 10, 1875), a poet, novelist, and dramatist, author of three historical tragedies forming a trilogy, " Death of Ivan the Terrible," "Czar Feodor," and "Czar Boris," and Count Leo Tolstoi, whose novel of Anna Karenina (1875-' 6) has given him a great reputation. TOLTECS, or Tnlhnatecas, a nation of Mexico, who according to Mexican annals appeared in Anahuac in the beginning of the 7th century, led in their wanderings from another conti- nent or country by Tanub. They founded the kingdom of Tula, and were the first civilized and civilizing race. As they increased, capi- tal arose at Colhuacan, Otompan, and Tollan. The Chichimecs, a nation of different origin, entered the country about a century later, and these were followed in time by seven Nahuatl tribes, of the same race as the Toltecs, the Mexicans being the last. Before this the Tol- tec monarchy, rent by civil wars between the clergy and nobles, had fallen in the llth cen- tury ; famine and pestilence desolated the coun- try, and many of the survivors emigrated to Guatemala. The rest of the Toltecs were in- corporated by the Chichimecs, to whom they imparted their civilization. The emigrants founded in Guatemala a new empire, and the Quiches claimed descent from them, though the names of the later Quich6 monarchs show another language than the Toltec. It is usual to refer all that is grand or surprising in Mex- ico and adjoining parts to the Toltecs ; but tra- dition ascribes to them definitely the use of hieroglyphics, astronomical knowledge and the division of time, agriculture, weaving, stone cutting, and architecture. TOLC, Balsam of. See BAT.SAMS. TOLIJCA, a city of the republic, capital of the state, and 30 in. W. S. W. of the city of Mexi- TOMATO 791 co ; pop. about 12,000. It is in a valley about 8,800 ft. above the sea, and has spacious, well paved streets, a public square, and several fine churches. Of late years its trade and indus- try have much declined. Near the town is the volcanic mountain of the same name, which rises to the height of 16,610 ft. above the sea. TOMATO, a plant of the solanacece or night- shade family, cultivated for its fruit. It is a native of tropical or sub-tropical America, and its name, given in the earlier works as tumatl and tomatl, is of Indian origin. The plant was originally placed in the genus lycopersicum, which Linnseus reduced to solanum ; but later botanists, thinking that the difference in the anthers, which are united at the tips and open by a longitudinal slit, and not by a pore at the apex as in solanum, was a sufficient distinction, restored the genus, and call the tomato lyco- persicum esculentum ; while some still adhere to the view of Linnseus, and class the plant as solanum lycopersicum. The older English writers call the fruit love apple; in France pomme d 1 amour, and in Italy pomi d'amore, are still in use, perpetuating the old notion that their use as food had an influence upon the passions. Peru is regarded as its native country, but it has not been found there or elsewhere in a truly wild state, and it had probably been long in cultivation before the advent of the Europeans. The tomato has weak stems about 4 ft. long, and when left to itself forms a much branched trailing or pros- trate plant. Its leaves are irregularly pinnate, with the larger leaflets themselves cut or divi- ded ; both stem and leaves are clothed with soft viscid hairs, which exude a strong-smell- ing, rather fetid, and somewhat resinous sub- Varieties of the Tomato. 1. Common Red. 2. The "Tro- phy." 8. Pear-shaped. 4. Currant Tomato. stance, which stains the hands and clothing when the plants are handled. It has been lately said that an infusion of tomato leaves is effective in destroying plant lice. The flower stalks, or peduncles, are extra-axillary and bear